Plasma Proteins

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Plasma Proteins

Low Protein: Hypoproteinemia

Negative nitrogen balance in the body

Inherited immunodeficiency diseases

Liver Disease

Malabsorption

Blood loss and internal bleeding

GI tract inflammation

leakage

Kidney failure

Over-excretion in renal system due to kidney failure

High protein: Hyperproteinemia

Multiple Myeloma

Abnormal quantities of antibodies produced in multiple myeloma --> increase in gamma portion

5 Major Plasma Proteins

Fibrinogen

Gamma Globulins

Beta Globulins

Alpha 2 Globulins

Alpha 1 Globulins

Ref Range: 1 - 4 g/L

Smallest fraction (quantity)

Is a heterogenous mix of lipoproteins, antitypsin, glycoprotein.

Hepatic origin.

Decreased by liver necrosis, renal disease, genetic abnormalities.

Elevated by hormones (estrogens)

Alpha 1 Fetoprotein (AFP)

used to determine presence of birth defects in uteru (neural tube, open abdominal wall, multiple fetus, detal death, Down's syndrome)

Maternal serum is used (part of MSS)

Alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT)

Elevated by APR and estrogen

Decreased by RDS, Pancreatitis

Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AAG)

AAG is increased by inflammation, tissue destruction, and APR

Albumin

Ref Range: 35 - 47 g/L

Highest content in serum (largest peak on electrophoresis)

Synthesied by liver.

Colloid - helps maintain osmotic pressure of blood.

Maintain tissue fluid levels.

MW: 69 kDa.

Most soluble in water due to net negative charge.

Hypoalbuminemia

Gamma increases

Malnutrition

Trauma

Excessive catabolism due to trauma loss or inflammation

Genetic abnormalities

Anemia

Liver disease

Infection

GI loss

Urinary loss

High albumin

Rarely increased except in dehydration

Albumin-globulin ratio

the number obtained when total albumin is measured and dividied by the total globulin fraction. should be ~2.0