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CHAPTER 2 ANATOMICAL BASES OF HUMAN MOTION

Reference axes

longitudinal

anteroposterior

mediolateral

Anatomical reference plans (cardinal plane)

transverse plane

horizontal adduction & abduction

supination & pronation

medial & lateral rotation

left & right rotation

frontal plane

radial & ulnar deviation

inversion & everson

elevation and depression

lateral flexion

abduction & adduction

sagittal plane

plantar flexion

dorsiflexion

hyperextension

extension

flexion

Directional terms

distal

farther from the trunk

deep

inside the body away from the surface

superficial

toward the surface of the body

proximal

closer to the trunk

lateral

away from the midline

medial

midline of the body

posterior

toward the back of the body

anterior

toward the front of the body

inferior

farther away from the head

superior

closer to the head

Anatomical reference

erect standing position with all body parts facing forward.