What is Discourse Analysis?

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What is Discourse Analysis?

Overall, discourse analysis provides insights into how language functions as a social and cultural tool, shaping and reflecting the ways in which individuals and groups communicate, negotiate meaning, and maintain power relations.

Talk as a social activity

Language Teaching Implications

Classroom Dynamics vs. Casual Conversations

Understanding Turn-taking, Adjacency Pairs, and Politeness

Adherence to Conversation Rules and Norms

Insights from Ethnomethodology

Discourse Analysts

Ethnomethodology insights

norms

regular patterns

Loss of control perception

Shift to observing behavior over structure

Challenges in Transcript

Problems with multiple speakers

More or less structured

Conversation Structure and Dynamics

Jozef and Chris' Conversation Dynamics

Overlapping

Control, Turn-taking Rights

Predictability

Classroom Talk

Ethnomethodology

Turn-taking

Adjacency pairs

Openings/Closings

Observing real data and behavior

Ethnomethodological Approach

Extract Analysis

Multiple speakers

Disruptions

(e.g., barman)

Overlapping talk

Boundary Markers

Features of Exchange Model

Casual Talk among Equals

Control and Monitoring challenges

Complexity of Discourse

Rigidity in Formal Situations

Initiating Responding, Foil Mapping

Predictability of Roles and Turns

Text and interpretation

illocutionary acts

They are individual clauses, sentences and paragraphs

text segments Compared or contrasted

matching relationships

repetition and syntactic parallelism

Draw attention to a comparison or contrast

using the same syntax in two or more clauses

Regularly occurring functional relationships between bits of text,

They can be phrases, clauses, sentences or groups of sentences.

They are known as textual segments.

recognize the textual pattern

semantic links

cognitive links in the text

interpret the ties and give meaning to them

Cohesive markers are no exception

chain related elements

Subt they create links across sentence boundaries and pairs.ópico

linguistic signals of semantic functions

Conversations outside the classroom.

evaluate input and output in the teaching/learning process.

the use of descriptive categories

such as exchange and its subcomponents

initiation-response-follow-up.

Sequences here that form meaningful exchanges

sometimes they inform each other and recognize information.

The sequence begins and ends

But their conversation is not disorganized

their degree of struc- turedness

they have a structure

They seem "free" and unstructured

but it is not the 'real' world of conversation

where pupils have very limited rights as speaker

where teachers ask questions to which they already know the answer

the traditional classroom

where roles are rigidly defined and the patterns of initiation

Written Discourse Analysis

Grammar and Sentence Structuring

Cohesion through

Conjunction

Ellipsis

Pronominalisation

Implications for Paragraphs and Whole Texts

Regularities in Well-Formed Texts

Implications for Language Teaching

Observing Grammatical Regularities

Insights from Written Discourse Analysis

Cohesive Devices and Grammatical Cohesion

Structuring of Texts

Identifying Norms and rules

Characteristics of Written Texts

Hierarchy of Units

Recurring Principles

Well-Formed Sentences

Thoughtful Composition

Problems with Spoken Transcripts

Predictability in Expression

Sentence Structure

Time for Reflection

Absence of Chaos in Simultaneous Speech

Larger patterns in text

Importance of Signalling Devices:

Writers and readers need to be aware of these cues for clear communication.

Emphasize the role of cues like conjunctions and lexical references.

Hoey's Analysis of Text Patterns:

Recognize grammatical and word choices that signify these patterns.

Refer to Hoey's detailed study on different text structures.

Example - Problem-Solution Format:

Illustrate how this structure is frequently found in various contexts.

Break down a simple text with a common pattern: situation, problem, solution, and evaluation.

Understanding Text Patterns:

Patterns help readers interpret and navigate through information.

Explore larger recurring structures in texts.