3 Ways to Categorise Language Learning Strategies

Oxford's (1990)

Direct Strategies

Memory

Creating mental linkages & employing actions

Cognitive

Analyzing & reasoning

Compensation

Guessing unknown words

Indirect Strategies

Meta-cognitive

Planning

Arranging

Focusing

Evaluating

Affective

Attitude

Motivation

Confidence

Social

Cooperation

Interaction

Asking questions

Rubin's (1987)

Learning Strategies

Cognitive

Practice

Memorisation

Monitoring

Classification

Inductive Inferencing

Deductive reasoning

Meta-cognitive

Planning

Prioritising

Setting goals

Self-management

Communication (Interactive) Strategies

Participating in a conversation

Social Strategies

Activities / Practices

O' Malley and Chamot's (1990)

Metacognitive Strategies

Planning

Monitoring

Evaluating

Cognitive Strategies

Auditory Representation

Note Taking

Resourcing

Repetition

Transfer

Ellaboration

Summarizing

Inferencing

Key word method

Grouping

Deduction

Imagery

Social / Affective Strategies

Motivation

Attitude

Interactions