leads to
lead to
leads to
becomes
through
through
usually leads to
not contained in
also
one
lead to
leads to
types
mechanism
promoted in
promoted in
promoted in
example
types
types
used for protection in
produce
example
shown in
also called
cospeciation example
are made with
is dertemined using
2 levels
requirment
requirment
example of coadaption
no coevolution
happens because of
problems
problems
problems
used to determine significance
do
then
have
example
can use
traits but
can't use
types
types
types
types
used to determine
to root the tree must use
allign sequences
are independent except for
go straight to
is activated by camp
Operon off bound to
Bond by
Types
Types
Bound by when operon is on
Next to it Prokaryotes
Bound by in Eukaryotes
Coiled more
Wound up with H1
step 3
step 2
starts at TSS
modified part called
RNA is the Pre mRNA
step 1
Eukaroytes
Prokaroytes
RNA Pol II
mRNA synthesis stops at the terminator seq
mRNA builds/made to 5'-3'
SSB
Helicase
Model
Steps
mature mRNA processed
Then end up in either the
protein then goes to the
Transcription is completed in the
Type
Type
form
creates
binds to
binds to
contains
contains
contains
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
carried out by
definition
bonded by
from
Part of the DNA
When connected to Histone Core
mRNA is made through
proteins are made through
shape
functions
removes a Phosphate
alter
carry
into
activation of cytoplasmic kinase domains
Functions
Involves this stage
Involves this stage
Involves this stage
When they are located here
Can be found in
Can be found in
Step 4
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
Enters the Nucleus
Posphodiesterase
Activates
Which converts ATP to
Binds to
which activates
changes the shape of protein
Step 1
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Classified as
Type
Type
Type
Uses
Uses
Type of cell signaling
Type of cell signaling
evidence
evidence
evidence
production of amino acids ACGU no protein
nest
solution ish
Problem
Problem
problem
via
via
allowed for
leads to
can be
helpful
actually it has to do with
thats
maybe
is resolved by
is resolved by
followed by
starts here
type
step
binds to
binds to
type

Character Conflict

Parsimony

Continue to collect more data

Proximal Element brings Basal level transcription

Protiens made here can end up in any organelle

asteroid chemicals helped form life

Distal Control Element(bind near gene) Activators bring high levels Repressors bring low basal level. Binds to Enhancers

Isn't really a problem won't
be harmful ?????????

no multicellular

C-value paradox

Noncoding proteins

Wrong

Introns and Transposons (MGE)

Parasites

Junky Genomes

Bigger genomes are more adaptive

Bigger genomes escape selection

Placental Mammals

Increase levels of gestation

Slected Against

Methlyation

RNAI

Can provide us medicines

looking for patterns

Because we can't determine
homologies/analogies

Trasmissibility how easily disease moves transmission how the disease moves

Phylogenitc Inference

Way to many combinations

Heuristic

Need as man synapomorphies
as taxa to be resolved

Molecule must evolve
at a good rate

looking for patterns and
considering phylogeny.

reducing atmosphere

SRP binds to the signal peptide which stops transcription and allows ribosome to bind to the ER to finish making the protien. Protiens are modified in the ER to determine location

Occurs in the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells & nucleoid region in Prokaryotic cells. Process by which DNA copies itself. (Hershey & Chase)

parasites and hosts
should speciate at the
same time

Complimentary base pairs bonded with hydrogen bonds while base nucleotides bound by phosphodiester bonds

One Parent and Daughter Strand in each copy (Messleson & Stahl)

These molecules tend to be small and non polar which allows it to go straight through the membrane.

ants provid protection
acacia provides food and shelter

Transmisibility

Trasnmission

Virulences

Anthrax the example

Histone core: H1, H2A, H2B,H3, H4. 300 nm Looped domains

The upper bound stops when a virus kills a host before it can switch. Only exception is quiescent state.

Early life

Explosion leading to earth

Meteor strikes

Atmosphere recreated and moom created

Life creaed

RNA world

Ribozymes

A lot of U not a lot of T

LUCA

LECA

Precambrian

Photosynthesis

Oxygen Produced

Death of anaerobes

Creation of ozone layer

Decrease green house

First Eukaryotes

Mitochondria from purple line and chloroplast form cyanobacteria

Stromatalites

Life easy to form when
conditions are right

Panspermia Hypothesis

The whole process from after reception to before the cellular response is transduction.

Molecules tend to be large and polar so they can't pass through.

Phosphatase deactivates the protein Kinase by removing a phosphate group.

Cell Signaling

Local Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

Long Distance

Hormonal Signaling

Proteins

Receptors

Membrane Receptors

GCPR

Signal mlcl binds to receptor

Which swaps out GDP for GTP

G-protien

Adenyl Cyclase (enzyme)

Cyclic AMP

Protein Kinase Cascade

Activates a Cellular Response

AMP

Tyrosine Kinase /RTK

Ion channel

Signal molecule binds to the receptor

Gate allows specific ions (Na+ and Ca+) through a channel in the receptor

Voltage across the membrane is changed

Action potential is triggered

Intracellular Receptors

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Signaling Molecules

Membrane

Reception

Transduction

h

Response

activated through Dimerization

SS

mediating cell to cell communication

Cell Growth

metabolism

extracellular signals

intracellular signals

the signal to Nuceus

patterns of protein transciptions

GTP/ATP binds to G-protein receptor> release GDP

binds to enzyme, uses a phosphate from GTP(ATP) to produce cAMP^

cAMP^

1st protein kinase activated

Subtopic^

e2

Protein Kinase 3,4,5

2nd signal molecule messenger

DNA

1.holds genetic material 2. provides directions for its own replication 3. directs synthesis RNA(mRNA)

double helix and double stranded

anti-parallel strands

complimentary base pairings^

TRANSLATION

elongation

large ribosome

P-peptidyl transferase

5-AUG-3'

small ribosomes

E-Exit

release Codon

A-Amino Acyl Transferase

adds Codon

continuous Codon cycle added

initiation

Termination

peptide bonds

RNA is used to produce proteins

Polypeptide

Ribosomes

Free Ribosomes

ER

Golgi

Lysosomes, Cell membrane, and Outside the Cell

Bound Ribosomes

always in Cytoplasm START+Complete

starts in Cytoplasm

START only

DNA REPLICATION

ORI Origin of Replication

separates two strands of DNA

keeps strands separated

primer binding

Elongation

Termination

Semi Conservative

TRANSCRIPTION

make mRNA

occurs in Cytoplasm

mRNA that is ready
for TRANSLATION

occurs in Nucleus

needs to be modified before
it can be translated

RNA Processing

initiation

promoter binds to 3'-5' template

Elongation
mRNA made to 5'-3' direction

Termination
mRNA synthesis stops at
the terminator sequence

Chromatin 10 nm

30nm and 300 nm

300 nm Metaphase Chromosome

Promoter sequence

Transcription Factors

Specific

Activators

Repressors

General

Operator Sequence

Repressor

Allolactose

Active Cap

camp

Floating topic

Morphological Charecter

Molecular Method

DNA/RNA sequences

Stem Loop structures

Parsimony

Positional Homology

Out group compariosn

Comparitive method

Adaptation

Trait

Process

Pre-evolutionary

Post evolutionary

Continous

Regression why????

Contrast Regresson

Sunflower

Polytomies

Resolve and see if there's still a relationship

Discrete Environments

Pair Wise???

Discrete

Concentrated Changes Test

Genetic Correlation

Environmental Correlation

Extinct Species

Co Evolution

Species Interactions

Effects Coevolution

Mutualsim ++

Coevolution

Coadaption

Cospeciation

Farenholz Rule

Birds, Lice, and bacteria

Molecular clock??

Synonymous Substitutions

Ants and Acacia

Consumer Resource +-

Puffins Lice

Cyclic Coevolution Arms Race

Plants and Parasites

Secondary Compounds

Plants and Beetles

Viruses

Virulent

High Transmisiblity

Avirulent

Low transmibility

Mode of transmission Vertical Transmission

Rabbits and myxoma virus

No Covoluiton

Commensalism +0

Ammensilism -0

Competition why? --

Organic MOlecule

Nucleotide Bases

RNA replicate

Acquires a memberane

forms peptides eventually proteins

Gene Duplication

Unequal crossing over

Gene Clusters

alpha hemoglobin and myglobin genes

Hagfish

fetal hemoglobin

monotremes

Tandem Repeats

rrna or histone genes

Two copies of a gene

Non functional mutation

Drift

Pseudogenes

Selection

Neofunctionalization

Subtopic

Orthologs

Paralogs