diversity map

- salt loving bacteria
- lives in extreme salt conditons
- dead sea
-

- bacteria that can tolerate extreme hot weathers
- these bacteria live naturally forming hot springs

-mainly live in gut of animals
-or bottom of methane
- which is how gas is produced on earth

- the oldest organism
-can live in earths most harsh environment
-thrives in really hot, acidic and salty conditions

-unicellular ( consist of single cell)
-prokaryotes
- single chromosomes form small piece of floating DNA called plasmid

- cell wall made up of carbohydrates for protection
-cell membrane
-flagella to get around
- cytoplasm

Shape:
- coccus: round
- Bacillus : Rod
-Sprillum: Spiral

Aggregation:
- Mono: one
-Diplo: two
- Strepto: Chain
-Staphylo: Clump

Gram reaction:
- purple = positive
- red or colorless =negative

- can be unicellular or multi cellular
- heterotrophs and autotrophs
- Reproduces asexually (binary fisson)
little exchange of DNA
- aquatic environments are its home: fresh/ salt water , animal fluids , damp area
-Eukaryotic : has nucleus , vacuoles , and mitochondria
-small able to see under light microscope
-move using pseudos (ameba) , cilia(paramecium) , flagella (euglena)
-

Three Groups

Plant like protists :
- has Chloroplasts to carry photosynthesis
- Asexual reproduction (binary fission) , sexual conjugation
- Lives in wet , moist environments
- E.g Algae

Animal like protists AKA Protoza:
- many are diseas causing
- must ingest food . Receives food two different ways 1. Holozoic( eats food through endocytosisi ) , 2. Saprozic( absorb predigest food )
- Reproduces by binary fission
-lives in water
- E.g Amodea

Fungi-like protists:
-cant make their own food
-Majority decompose-rs
- sucks up nutrients form other living
- likes Cool, shady , most places
- leaves trails of slimy substance when they travel
- E.g slime molds

Fungi

Zygomycota is common molds
-E.g , Bread mold

Ascomycota are sac funges
- E.g , yeast , truffles

Basidiomycota is a "club fungi "
- E.g Mushrooms

Mycota is the imperfect fungi
- E.g Hyphomycetes

- multi cellular
- cell wall made of cellulose
- Contain chlorophyll a and b
- Alternation of generations
- 1. genrationis gametophytes
- 2. sporophyte ( release spores)

To prevent loss moisture :
- have waxy coat
- guard cells
- contorl exchabge of gases (stomata )

- mosses
- doesn't have vascular tissue
-small
- appear leafy but lack true stems , roots/ leaves

- club mosses
- vasuclar tissue
- live is moist places
- sperm swims to egg
- leaves referred to as fronds
-sporphyte

- naked seeds
- not covered with fruit
- sporophyyte produces M and F cones
- four phyla : cycads, conifers , ginkgo

- only one cotyledon (corn )
- seed germinates only prouduces 1 leaf
- stems are flesh like and un branched
- three parts to flower
- parallel pattern
- roots = small branching
- sepals usally same colour

- two cotleydon ( peas)
- produces 2 leaves
- stems get thicker with age
- flowers in 4-5
-lage primary root and small secondary

Flowering plant:
reproduction is inside of flower
- pollination is method used to carry seeds and gametes (gametes microscopic )

First animals on earth

1st animal to grow sensitive tentacles
- able to feel whats around them

Myriapods

Subtopic

- has antenna
- myriads of legs
- mandibles (mouth)

Crustaceans

- has mandibles
- compound eyes
-appendages (2 toes )

Subtopic

Chelicerates

- 2 body segments
- six appendages ( 4 walking , 2 chelicerae and pedipals ) which is mouth
- no mandibles or antenna

Subtopic

Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

Acoeclomate: filled with cells
- bilaterally symmetrical
-3 tissue layers (meso,ecto,endoderm )
- no coelom
- no circulatory , or skeleton
- induced planaria (fluke)

blood fluke : free living / parasitic
- humans tend to be a host

Nematoda (round worms )

pseudocoelomate: doesnt have true body cavity
bilateral symmetry
digesgetive track ( goes in 1 way comes out other )
like cnidaria

Subtopic

Annelida (segmented worm)

Coelomate : true fluid filled body
digestive tract
closed circulatory system ( blood lives in vessels )

Subtopic

Mollusca

Cephalopods

- fast moving
-intelligent
- excellent vision (octopus visual learners )
- only class with closed circulatory system

Subtopic

Bivalves

- 2 part shell held by strong muscles
- no head
- filter food by water passing over gills and sweep into their mouths

Subtopic

Gastropods

- Found in marine , Freshwater
-have radula use to scrape land
- others are carnivorous

Subtopic

visceral - contains organs
mantle - thin layer of tissue which covers most of the body like a cloak
foot - tentacles for catching prey
shells - made by glands in mantle
body plan : many have protective shells

Echinoderm

Marine living only
5 paert radial symmetry around a cetral disc
no head , but has tube feet

Star fish

Chordates

- Dorsal nerve cord
- develops into nervous tissues (humans)
-supports body
- paired gills slits
-tail runs past anus

Urochordate

- display chordate characteristics
- once settled they place anchor (metamorphosis )
- results in losing chordate characteristics

Subtopic

Cephalochordate

Invertebrates
- filter feeder ( the suck water through their gills and use gills as filters )

Subtopic

Vertebrate

The body is dived into 3 parts
regions : head , neck , body
- two part appendages ( arms/legs)
-closed circulatory system (blood veins )
- lungs or gills are respiratory
- two layered skin epidermis and dermis (outer and inner )

Gnathostomata

Amphibians

- young 2 chambered
- adults 3
- gills , lungs , skin for respiration
- live on land and water
- fertilized externally

The amniotic egg
internal fertilization
water tight skin

Frogs

Aves

_Feathers
Hollow bones with air sacs
Gizzard
Endothermic (warm blooded)
Amniotic egg
4 chambered heart
Forelimbs are wings

Chicken

Reptiles

- 3 chambered hearts
- clawed toes
- anomtic egg

Turtles

Agnathans

Notochord persists into the adult animal.
Do not have hinged jaws or bony skeletons.
No paired limbs
Skeleton of cartilage

Lampreys (look like leech), Hagfish
(produce slime when irritated)

Mammals

- has hair
- 4 heart chamber
- lactation (females )
- three middle ear bone

Monotreme

duck

egg layers

Marsupials

Kangaroo

small immature fetus

Placenta order

humans

nourished placenta

Carnivorous - eats other animals to survive

Rodentia

Two pairs of incisors
Gap between incisors and molars
Complex jaw musculature
Baculum (penis bone)

Hamsters , rats

Primates

- thumbs
- flexible hip and shoulder
- nails or claws
- can walk on two feet

Gorillas , chimp