Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Tissue Communication:

Cell Communication-ex neurons
Selective Cell Adhesion- ex: epithelial sheets
Cell memory- ex. Replication

Tissue turnover rate

Once nervous cells are born they never die of
Intestinal cells turnover every 3-6 days
Bones take about 10 years

Stem Cells

Order of freedom: Totipotent>Pluripotent>Multipotent

Therapeutic Cloning

Crispr is an example of a process to use for gene therapy

CANCER

1 in 5 people die from cancer (USA)
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of a tissue,metastasis

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

Lack differentiation:
Cells are non-specialized
Cells are immortal-enter cell cycle repeatedly
Have abnormal nuclei
Cells enlarged
Abnormal # of chromosomes
Extra copies of genes
Don’t go through apoptosis
Form Tumors

Undergo Metastasis

Original tumor easily fragment

Undergo angiogenesis

Form new blood vessels

Crossing over

non sister chromosomes on bivalent chromosomes
Causes genetic variation

Meiosis

produces four haploid cells
that are not identical

Mitosis

produces two identical diploid cells

Bivalent Chromosomes

pairs that line up
during meiosis

Asexual Reproduction

genetically identical offspring

Sexual Offspring

mixing of DNA
resulting in offspring

Cell growth and chromosome duplication

Chromosome Segregation

Cell Division

Interphase

G0, G1,G2,S phases

Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase
Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis

cyclin dependent kinases

Microtubules

Aster, Kinetochore,Interpolar

Apoptosis

Floating topic

Chapter 16

Enzyme coupled receptors

when activated found in dimers
phosphorylate each other
other proteins can now bind
kinase domains pho

Calmodium

Targets Ca2+/CDPK

Endocrine
Paracrine
Synaptic
Contact Dependent

Long distance signaling
local signaling
between nerve signaling
Short range signaling

3 type of cell surface receptors

ion channel
G-protein
Enzyme

Acetylocholine

induces different
responses in multiple cells

Cyclic AMP

Lead to gene expression
by activating other proteins

Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback

more activating once activated
activator is turned off once enough are activated

Chapter 15

translation

polypeptide chains are synthesized by free ribosomes

Protein movemment

transport from the cytosol into nucleus

movement across membrane bound organelles

The ER

CONTAINS UNIQUE SIGNAL SEQUENCE

Nuclear pores

where proteins and molecules can enter and leave the nucleus

nuclear import receptors

shuttle the protein across the membrane

Ran - GTP

binds to nuclear import protein which allows release of the protein

Transmembrane Protteins
Stop transfer sequence

contains an additional hydrophobic
stops the protein transfer through membrane

Dynamin

another protein that assists in vesicles formation

Golgi Apparatus

an organelle that acts as a mid way station for proteins