knowledge base

CH1 summaryIt is an international bestselling book by Thomas Friedman. It talks about globalization in the early 21st century. He visit to Infosys Technologies Limited in India. He is impressed by the campus’s advanced technology such as the glass, steel and large flat-screen. The company’s CEO, told him that the playing field has been leveled: now countries like India can compete for global knowledge. Friedman thought that there are three great eras of globalization historically. The 1st was from 1492-1800, which he calls Globalization 1.0. The 2nd was from 1800-2000, which he calls Globalization 2.0. he mentions that we are now in the midst of Globalization 3.0 is a period in which the world shrinks from small to tiny, flattening to such a degree that individuals can collaborate and compete globally. The purpose of his book is to understand how the world became flat through development.Flatteners:1- Collapse of the Berlin Wall – 11/9/89: Friedman called the flattener, "When the walls came down, and the windows came up." The event not only symbolized the end of the Cold War, it allowed people from the other side of the wall to join the economic mainstream. "11/9/89" is a discussion about the Berlin Wall coming down, the "fall" of communism, and the impact that Windows powered PCs (personal computers) had on the ability of individuals to create their own content and connect to one another. At that point, the basic platform for the revolution to follow was created: IBM PC, Windows, a standardized graphical interface for word processing, dial-up modems, a standardized tool for communication, and a global phone network.2- Netscape – 8/9/95: Netscape went public at the price of $28. Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots as a communications medium used primarily by "early adopters and geeks" to something that made the Internet accessible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year-olds. The digitization that took place meant that everyday occurrences such as words, files, films, music, and pictures could be accessed and manipulated on a computer screen by all people across the world.3- Workflow software: Friedman's catch-all for the standards and technologies that allowed work to flow. The ability of machines to talk to other machines with no humans involved, as stated by Friedman. Friedman believes these first three forces have become a "crude foundation of a whole new global platform for collaboration." There was an emergence of software protocols (SMTP – simple mail transfer protocol; HTML – the language that enabled anyone to design and publish documents that could be transmitted to and read on any computer anywhere) Standards on Standards. This is what Friedman called the "Genesis moment of the flat world." The net result "is that people can work with other people on more stuff than ever before." This created a global platform for multiple forms of collaboration. The next six flatteners sprung from this platform.

Chapter 3StorageINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this chapter is to provide you with an understanding of the way the most common types of storage devices and media work. It begins with a look at the characteristics that storage systems have in common. Next, storage systems based on magnetic disks (such as floppy disks and hard drives) are discussed, followed by optical discs (CDs and DVDs, for instance) and flash memory storage systems. In addition, as an overview of other possible storage devices and media is provided. The chapter closes with a summary and comparison of the storage hardware covered in the chapter.TIPS FOR SUCCESS• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text.CHAPTER OUTLINEOverview Storage System Characteristics Storage Media and Storage Devices Volatility Random vs. Sequential Access Logical vs. Physical Representation Type of Storage Technology Used Hard Drives Magnetic Hard Drives and Solid-State Drives (SSDs) Magnetic Hard Drives Solid-State Drives (SSDs) Internal and External Hard Drives Hard Drive Speed, Disk Caching, and Hybrid Hard Drives Hard Drive Partitioning and File Systems Hard Drive Interface Standards Optical Discs Optical Disc Characteristics Representing Data on an Optical Disc Optical Drives Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities Read-Only Discs: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs Recordable Discs: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R Discs Rewritable Discs: CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs Flash Memory Flash Memory Cards USB Flash Drives Other Types of Storage Systems Network Storage and Online/Cloud Storage Systems Smart Cards Holographic Storage Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems RAID Magnetic Tape Systems Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives CHAPTER CHECKLISTWhen chapter is covered in class: Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you. Work the Key Terms matching exercise. Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book). Complete any assigned Exercises. Complete any assigned Projects.Go to the Chapter 3 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities: Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter. Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter. Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying. Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle.  Work the interactive Student Edition Labs. Before an exam on this chapter: Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam). Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam. Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 3 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms. Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 3 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam. Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.

Chapter 4Input and OutputINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this chapter is to help you become familiar with the various pieces of hardware that can be used for input and output. The chapter includes both commonly used devices—such as keyboards, mice and other pointing devices, monitors, and printers—as well as specialty devices, such as biometric input devices, barcode readers, and emerging display applications.TIPS FOR SUCCESS• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text. CHAPTER OUTLINEOverview Keyboards Pointing and Touch Devices Mice Pens/Styluses Pen-Based Computers Digital Writing Systems Graphics Tablets Signature Capture Devices Touch Screens Other Pointing Devices Gaming Devices Trackballs Buttons and Wheels Touch Pads Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras Scanners Types of Scanners Scanning Quality and Resolution Readers Barcode Readers Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Readers Optical Mark Readers (OMRs) Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers Biometric Readers Digital Cameras Digital Still Cameras Digital Video Cameras Audio Input Voice Input and Speech Recognition Systems Music Input Systems Display Devices Display Device Characteristics Touch and Gesture Capabilities Flat-Panel Display Technologies Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) Displays Plasma Displays and Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitter Displays (SEDs) Data and Multimedia Projectors Printers Printer Characteristics Laser Printers Ink-Jet Printers Special Purpose Printers Photo Printers Barcode, Label, and Postage Printers Portable and Integrated Printers Wide-Format Ink-Jet Printers 3D Printers Audio Output CHAPTER CHECKLISTWhen chapter is covered in class: Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you. Work the Key Terms matching exercise. Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book). Complete any assigned Exercises. Complete any assigned Projects. Go to the Chapter 4 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities: Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter. Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter. Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying. Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle.  Work the interactive Student Edition Labs. Before an exam on this chapter: Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam). Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam. Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 4 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms. Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 4 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam. Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.

Chapter 5System Software: Operating Systems and Utility ProgramsINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this chapter is to help you understand the purpose of system software. First, the chapter takes a look at the differences between system software and application software and the various tasks that the operating system performs. Next, a brief overview of the most common types of operating systems for desktop PCs and servers, handheld PCs and mobile devices, and larger computers is presented. The chapter closes with a look at utility programs and the possible future of operating systems.TIPS FOR SUCCESS• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text. CHAPTER OUTLINEOverview System Software vs. Application Software The Operating System Functions of an Operating System Interfacing with Users Booting the Computer Configuring Devices Managing and Monitoring Resources and Jobs File Management Security Processing Techniques for Increased EfficiencyMultitasking Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing Operating Systems for Personal Computers and Servers DOS Windows Windows 1.0 Through Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows Server and Windows Home Server Mac OS UNIX Linux Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Other Devices Mobile and Embedded Versions of Windows iPhone OS BlackBerry OS Palm OS and Palm webOS Symbian OS Embedded Linux Operating Systems for Larger Computers Utility Programs File Management Programs Looking at the Folders and Files Stored on a Computer Copying and Moving Files and Folders Renaming Files and Folders Search Tools Diagnostic and Disk Management Programs Uninstall and Cleanup Utilities File Compression Programs Backup and Recovery Utilities Antivirus, Antispyware, Firewalls, and Other Security Programs The Future of Operating Systems CHAPTER CHECKLISTWhen chapter is covered in class: Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you. Work the Key Terms matching exercise. Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book). Complete any assigned Exercises. Complete any assigned Projects. Go to the Chapter 5 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities: Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter. Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter. Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying. Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle.  Work the interactive Student Edition Labs. Before an exam on this chapter: Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam). Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam. Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 5 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms. Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 5 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam. Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.

Chapter 2The System Unit: Processing and MemoryINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this chapter is to help you understand the various components located inside the system unit and become a little familiar with the components involved with processing. First, the chapter explains how computers represent data, followed by a tour of the inside of the system unit. Next, we take a closer look at how a CPU works and then the chapter closes with some strategies that may make computers faster now and in the future.TIPS FOR SUCCESS• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text. CHAPTER OUTLINEOverview Data and Program Representation Digital Data Representation Representing Numerical Data: The Binary Numbering System Coding Systems for Text-Based Data ASCII and EBCDIC Unicode Coding Systems for Other Types of Data Graphics Data Audio Data Video Data Representing Software Programs: Machine Language Inside the System Unit The Motherboard The Power Supply and Drive Bays The CPU Processing Speed Word Size Cache Memory Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Registers Read-Only Memory (ROM) Flash Memory Fans, Heat Sinks, and Other Cooling Components Expansion Slots, Expansion Cards, and ExpressCard Modules Buses Memory Bus Frontside Bus (FSB) PCI and PCI Express Bus USB Bus FireWire/IEEE 1394 Bus Ports and Connectors How the CPU Works Typical CPU Components Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) and Floating Point Unit (FPU) Control Unit Prefetch Unit Decode Unit Registers and Internal Cache Memory Bus Interface Unit The System Clock and the Machine Cycle Making Computers Faster and Better Now and in the Future Improving the Performance of Your System Today Add More Memory Perform System Maintenance Buy a Larger or Second Hard Drive Upgrade Your Internet Connection Upgrade Your Video Graphics Card Strategies for Making Faster and Better Computers Improved Architecture Improved Materials Pipelining Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing Future Trends Nanotechnology Quantum Computing Optical Computing Silicon Photonics Terascale Computing 3D Chips  CHAPTER CHECKLISTWhen chapter is covered in class:r Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you.r Work the Key Terms matching exercise.r Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book).r Complete any assigned Exercises.r Complete any assigned Projects.r Go to the Chapter 2 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities:r Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter.r Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter.r Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying.r Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle. r Work the interactive Student Edition Labs. Before an exam on this chapter:r Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam).r Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam.r Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand.r Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 2 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms.r Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam.r Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 2 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam.r Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.

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An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints.[1][2] It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

high costgovernmentA supercomputer is a computer at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. The term "Super Computing" was first used in the New York World in 1929 to refer to large custom-built tabulators that IBM had made for Columbia University.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer