Communicable Disease
&
Sexually Transmitted Disease
(Assignment)
Objective
Explain what is communicable diseases and how it is transmitted and controlled.
List the common sexually transmitted diseases and their clinical manifestations.
Communicable disease?
How it is transmitted?
direct
horizontal transmission
human or animal contact
Gastroenteritis
Mumps
Rabies
Ringworm
sexual intercourse
Gonorrhea
syphilis
chlamydia
AIDS (HIV)
respiratory droplets
Pertuissis
Common cold
Influenza
vertical transmission
Mother to fetus
Listeriosis
Congenital syphilis
AIDS (HIV)
Mother to newborn
Neonatal conjunctivitis
chlamydia conjunctivitis
gonorrhea conjunctivitis
indirect
Fomites
Contaminated
inanimate object that can
transmit disease
Tetanus
Hepatitis B
Athlete’s foot
vehicle transmission
Foods
Gastroenteritis
Hepatitis A
Amoebiasis
Water
Cholera
Leptospirosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Aerosols
TB
Measles
Valley fever
vector transmission
Mechanical vector
Typhoid fever
Trachoma
Shigellosis
Biological vector
Lyme disease
West nile
Malaria
How it is controlled?
Immunization
Passive immunization
Transfer of
immunoglobulin from
an immunized animal or person to the person to be protected
Active immunization
Exposing a person to a
non-infectious pathogen
to provoke an immune response.
Adjuvant
Substance that
enhances an immune
response
Identification & Isolation
Isolation of infected people prevents contact with susceptible people and stops the spread of the disease.
symptoms
Control of Means of Indirect Transmission
transmission is by means of contaminated
Food
control of food handlers
Standards for monitoring the manufacture and distribution
of commercially prepared foods
Water
chlorination (or similar treatments) of
water supplies
establishment of effective sewage treatment facilities
disease is transmitted by insects
eradicate
or control the insects that transmit the disease
disease is spread from animals
to people
control of the animal source of infection also is required
What is it
An infectious disease that is readily transmitted from person to person
endemic
A communicable disease
in which small numbers
of cases are continually
present in a population.
epidemic
A communicable disease
affecting concurrently large
numbers of people in a population
Non-HIV sexually transmitted diseases
clinical manifestation
Syphilis
Primary: chancre
Secondary: systemic
infection with skin
rash and enlarged
lymph nodes
Tertiary: late
destructive lesions
in internal organs
Gonorrhea
Urethritis
Cervicitis
Pharyngitis
Infection of rectal
mucosa (proctitis)
Herpes
Superficial vesicles
and ulcers on external genitalia
and in genital tract
Regional lymph
nodes often
enlarged and
tender
Chlamydia
Cervicitis
Urethritis
Types
Syphilis
caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum
Congenital Syphilis
syphilitic mother often transmits the disease to her unborn infant
may cause death of the fetus
the infant may be born with congenital
syphilis
Stages of syphilis
Primary syphilis
a small ulcer called a
chancre develops at the site of inoculation.
Secondary syphilis
Symptoms of secondary syphilis include skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, and fever.
The signs and symptoms of primary and secondary syphilis can be mild, and they might not be noticed.
Tertiary syphilis
granulomatous lesions often found in the skin or bones
damage of the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints.
- blindness
- deafness
- mental illness
- memory loss
- destruction of soft tissue and bone
- neurological disorders, such as stroke or meningitis
- heart disease
- neurosyphilis
Gonorrhea
caused by the gonococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea in males
Greater frequency or urgency of urination
Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis
swelling or redness at the opening of the penis
persistent sore throat
Pain or swelling in one testicle
Gonorrhea in females
discharge from the vagina
painful urination
heavier periods or spotting
sore throat
pain during sexual intercourse
pain in the lower abdomin
fever
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
occurs when the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae invades the bloodstream and spreads to distant sites in the body
Symptoms
Fever
joint pain
infections of the joints, tendons, heart valves, and covering of the brain
skin rash
Herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus
Types
Type 1
infects the oral mucous membrane
Type 2
infects the genital tract,
and most infections occur after puberty
Chlamydia
Genital tract infection caused by the small obligate intracellular bacterial parasite
Chlamydia trachomatis
Symptoms
Chlamydia causes much the same type of inflammation and clinical symptoms
as gonorrhea
Chlamydia in males
Chlamydia in females