Obesity

DIAGNOSIS

BMI ≥ 30

Excess fat accumulation

Blood Tests

Hormone imbalance

Thyroid function

Lipids

Glucose

Blood presure

Skinfold fat measurement

>25% in males (Chest, abdomen, and thigh)

>30% in females (Triceps, suprailiac, and thigh)

Dyslipidemia

Low HDL

High LDL

High triglycerides

PREVENTION/TREATMENT

Activities that cause calorie expenditure

Hiking

Walking

Water aerobics

Cycling

Dance

Balanced diet

ChooseMyPlate.gov

Provide information about healthy and balanced eating.

Basal Metabolic Rate

The minimum caloric requirement needed to sustain metabolic processes in a resting state.

Pharmacology

Ozempic

Rybelsus

Phentermine

Surgery

Liposuction

Fat reduction in a specific site.

Bariatric Surgery

Laparoscopic Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass

Gastric Banding

Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Intragastric Balloon Therapy

RISK FACTORS/CAUSES

Lack of physical activity

Elderly

Children ages 6-11

Excess calorie ingestion

Disorders that cause obesity as a secondary effect

Pregnancy

Growth hormone deficiency

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Genes

Drive to overeat

Diminished ability to use dietary fats as fuel

Enlarged, easily stimulated capacity to store body fat

Gender

Female have less muscle than men

Men burn more calories at rest

Pregnancy

Socioeconomic Status

Poverty

Fewer healthy food choices

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge Eating

Purging Disorders

Night Eating Syndrome

Non-Smokers

Cigarettes act as an appetite stimulant

Former smokers replacing the habit with food

Medications

Steroids

Antidepressants

Anti-seizures

Diabetes medications

GENETIC FACTORS

GENETICS AND PREDISPOSITION

Family history of obesity

Inherited gene mutations

EPIGENETIC FACTORS

Gene-environment interaction

Prenatal and early-life influences

Impact of lifestyle on gene expression

REGULATION OF METABOLISM

Genes involved in appetite control

Hormonal regulation (e.g., leptin, ghrelin)

ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION WITH GENES

Diet and physical activity influence gene expression

Socioeconomic status and access to food

Stress and sleep affecting genetic pathways

SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

Lethary

Indigestion

Caused by GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

Osteoarthritis

Caused by excessive weight on knees and hips.

Apple or Pear shaped excess fat accumulation

Waist circumference

Males >40 inches

Females >35 inches

Increased sweating

Shortness of breath

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT

Social stigma and discrimination

Negative attitudes

Social isolation

Self-esteem issues and depression

a big impact on mental health

Can be very hurtful to someones well being

Eating disorders related to obesity

Binge eating disorder (BED)

Night eating syndrome (NES)

Bulimia nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa

COMPLICATIONS

At risk for Heart Disease

At Risk for Diabetes 2

Arthritis

Psychological Well-being

Respiratory Issues

High Blood Pressure

Once individuals exceed their ideal weight by 20%, they are considered overweight

when that level rises to 30%, they meet the criteria of obesity

A chronic metabolic disorder of excess caloric intake and insufficient caloric expenditure. This imbalance contributes and predisposes people to numerous health conditions.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY