SNC 2DL

Average weather conditions in a region over long periods of time. (ex. average precipitation)

Environmental conditions occurring in a particular place and time.

Living organisms and ecosystems

Gases surrounding Earth

Rock, mantle, Earth's crust

Liquid water, water vapour, and ice

Natural way for the Earth to stay warm. Normally, the amount of gases in the atmosphere is enough to moderate climate.

Resulting from the influence of humans on nature;Earth naturally keeps the greenhouse gasses in balance so that the atmosphere keeps the temperature ideal for the biosphere, human activities increase these levels.

Something that contains and releases said element/compounds into the atmosphere ex. carbon source

Something that takes out said element/compounds from the atmophere ex. carbon sink

Ex. Due to increased levels of precipitation and warmer temperatures melting snow quicker, flooding and water erosion become more of a common occurrence with more detrimental effects.

In impoverished countries, often 3rd-world countries, water access becomes increasingly limited as Day Zero approaches continuously. Water access is often tasked to the women, decreasing the amount of women who are completely educated within the countries. A lower rate of education has been shown to increase the amount of accidental/unplanned pregnancies as well as the average age a woman gives birth at decreasing. These factors will contribute to increasing populations.

Ex. In light of the climate cause, many governments choose to impose carbon taxes. In addition, prices of hydrocarbons (i.e. gas/petrol) will increase moving into the future, which not every household can afford.

Released naturally via the carbon cycle (slow process), released in natural forest fires.

Naturally occurring in low oxygenated areas ex. swamplands

Naturally produced via the nitrogen cycle

Water absorbs heat, more water vapours in atmosphere = warmer temperatures, makes more clouds (may have reflective effect)

Earth's method of controlling Sun's radiationAlbedo measures how much of the Sun's rays are reflected off of a surface versus absorbed into the Earth

Always use pencil!Solid lines (no sketching)Darker and lighter areas are contrasted using stipplingDon't cross label lines, labels to one side

Magnifies the specimen, usually by 10x

Magnify specimen, three lenses are usually 4x, 10x, 40x

Holds the tube in place and is used to carry the microscope

Allows light to pass through to the specimen; focuses light on the specimen

Moves the stage up and down to focus on the specimen

Sharpens an image

Holds the slide in position on stage

Supports the slide for observation

Supplies the light that passes through the specimen

Provides a stable platform for the microscope

The cell theory states;-All living things are made up of cells-Cells are the smallest working units of all living things-All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division

Organelles of the plant cell include: -Cell wall, specific to the plant cell, provides support and strengthens the cell and it's shape-Cell membrane, separates the outside of the cell from the inside, controls movement of things in and out of the cell-Nucleus, acts like a container; holds DNA and the nucleolus inside, control center of the cell-Chromatin: DNA that stores instructions for the cell's function-Nucleolus, builds ribosomes-Cytoplasm, jelly supporting organelles-Endoplasmic Reticulum, transports materials through the cell- Ribosomes, manufactures proteins that can be used in and outside of the cell-Mitochondria, creates energy for the cell (site of cellular respiration)-Golgi bodies, packages useful materials and sends them outside of the cell-Lysosome, breaks down food, wastes, and other materials (cells break down if lysosome explodes) -Central vacuole, contains water, food wastes, and other materials that help maintain the shape-Chloroplast, makes food for a plant cell (location of photosynthesis within the plant cell)

The organelles of the animal cell include:-Cell membrane, separates the outside of the cell from the inside, controls movement of things in and out of the cell-Nucleus, acts like a container; holds DNA and the nucleolus inside, control centre of the cell-Chromatin: DNA that stores instructions for the cell's function-Nucleolus, builds ribosomes-Cytoplasm, jelly supporting organelles-Endoplasmic Reticulum, transports materials through the cell- Ribosomes, manufactures proteins that can be used in and outside of the cell-Mitochondria, creates energy for the cell (site of cellular respiration)-Golgi bodies, packages useful materials and sends them outside of the cell-Lysosome, breaks down food, wastes, and other materials (cells break down if lysosome explodes) -Vacuole, contains water, food wastes, and other materials that help maintain the shape

InterphaseMitosisCytokinesesApoptosis

Cell division takes place for the purpose of growth of an organism, reparation of damaged cells/tissues, replacement of old cells, and reproduction.Cell division begins with Interphase. During interphase, the nucleus of a cell is visible. The purpose of interphase during the cell cycle is:GrowthReplication of DNAExecution of regular cell activities ProphaseChromatin coils into chromosomesNuclear membrane disappearsCentrioles migrate to the poles of the cellSpindle fibers formMetaphaseChromosomes line up at the equator of the cellAnaphaseChromosomes move away from each otherTelophaseNew nuclear membranes formSpindle fibers disappearChromosomes unwindCytokinesisCytoplasm is divided in halfOrganelles are also divided in halfCell plate forms and divides plant cellsCleavage furrow divides animal cells

Apoptosis is the controlled death of a cell. A cell regularly undergoes 50-60 cell divisions before apoptosis occurs. Takes place when the cell can no longer preform its function or is no longer needed.

A cell in which the genetic instructions (DNA) have been mutated and the cell loses control over it's division. These cells are essentially "immortal" because they do not stop dividing regardless of damage to the cells.

A mass growth of cells

Not dangerous to the organism (not cancerous)

Dangerous and could result in the death of the organism

All cells start the same and then differentiate into specialised cells. Differentiation occurs so cells are assigned a specific function.

Unspecialised cells that have the potential to differentiate to become any cell and undergo any function. Scientists are interested in stem cell studies because of the potential to genetically differentiate stem cells to then repair and replace damaged tissue, such as in a cancer case.

Tissue made up of unspecialized stem cells with the purpose of growth within the plant.

Protective layer on the outside of plant organs.

Provides structure and support to the organism.

Transports nutrients and other materials throughout the plant. (xylem up and phloem down)

Protects and lines structures of the organism.

Fills space, makes up all other sorts of components to the body including blood, bones, ligaments, tendons, fats, etc.

Responsible for voluntary movement of the body

Responsible for involuntary muscle movements, such as peristalsis, digestion within the stomach (i.e. walls), and the passing of nutrients through the intestines.

Heart specific muscle tissue, assists the heart in contracting and relaxing to pump blood to the rest of the body (circulatory system).

Inputs signals, responds, causes reactions.

Different tissues formed together to carry out a function. Includes lungs, skin, heart, etc.

Muscular pump that provides and circulates blood throughout the bodyDivided into 4 chambers (right/left atrium, right/left ventricle)

Pair of organs involved in respirationBreathes in oxygen and out carbon dioxideSit in the chest cavity

Largest organ of the human bodyProtects all inner cellsInsulatesExcretes wastes (i.e. sweat)

The roots anchor the plant, and stores food for the plant, as well as absorbing nutrient necessary from the ground itself.

Serves to transport nutrients from the roots of the plant to the rest of the plant, and from the plant back down to the roots once photosynthesis occurs within the leaf. Vascular tissue performs this function, xylem up, phloem down.

Location of photosynthesis/cellular respiration within the plant. Photosynthesis transforms carbon dioxide and water (absorbed via the root system to the stem) into sugar and oxygen.

Reproductive organ of the plant (stamen, pistil, ovary, petal, sepal)

All below ground, the root system stores water/nutrients, absorbs, and transports from the ground to the stem.

All above ground (stem, leaves, flower, and fruit)Xylem pulls nutrients up from the roots through the stem via xylem.Transpiration occurs as water evaporates from the leaf and therefore pulls up water molecules.

Skin, hair, nails, glandsActs as a barrier to the other systemsRegulates temperature

Bones, cartilageProvides shape and structure to the bodyProduces blood cells

All muscle tissue, tendons, ligamentsMovements of the body

Purpose of breaking down food into nutrients to then supply cells with necessary nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repairIngestion: taking in nutrients (mouth, teeth, saliva, throat)Digestion: breaking down nutrients (mouth, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder)Absorption: Taking nutrients into cells (small intestine, large intestine)Egestion: elimination of solid wastes (colon, anus)

Nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragmexchange of gases

Transportation path of the body. Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes carbon dioxide and wastes. Also distributes heat to body parts and fights against disease.

Approx. 4-6L in your body55% plasma component: consists of water, proteins, nutrients, wastes. Maintains temperature, fights against disease, transports vitamins.45% cellular component: red blood cells carry oxygen and then remove carbon dioxide; live 100-120 days. White blood cells fight foreign invaders, guard against infection; live for years. Platelets are proteins that release a blood clotting factor (forms scabs).

The pathway of bloodArteries carry pressurised, oxygenated blood away from the heart and out towards the extremities and other tissues of the body, then branching into;Capillaries. Microscopic, only one cell can travel through at a time. Nutrients and wastes are exchanged, then to return to the heart via;Veins. Unpressurised, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body. Heart contracts, blood is pushed out of the heart. Heart relaxes, blood flows back in the heart. Sits in the chest cavity between the lungs, about the sized of your clenched fist.

Glands, pancreas, ovaries, testescontrols growth and developmentcontrols controls metabolism

Brain, nerves, spinal cordcontrols bodily functions

Skin, kidney, bladder, ureter, urethraelimination of wastes

Respective to males versus femalesReproduction

White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels.Protects body from diseaseCirculates fluid called lymphAbsorbs and transports fat

Belongs to the family coronaviridae. Originates from an animal. Club-shaped proteins give a crown-like appearance (coronal).

SARS-CoV-2 infects the cell via the ACE-2 receptorWhen COVID-19 infects the cell, it is more easily spread than the common cold, is a more serious illness, and has a longer incubation period before any syptoms appear during which the virus can still be spread.

The lungs Some people will develop Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with the infection. Lung cells become inflamed making it harder to breathe. Alveoli become filled with fluid, making gas exchange harder, and therefore exhausting other cells as they are not getting enough oxygen. The digestive system The virus enters the cell via the ACE-2 receptor, and this receptor is 100x more occurring in the gastrointestinal tract, making vomiting and diarrhoea common symptoms.

A positively or negatively charged atom due to the loss or gain of electrons.Cations = positively chargedAnions = negatively chargednonmetals form cationsmetals form anions

Formed from a cation (+) and an anion (-), usually a metal and nonmetal. Transfer of electronsall that needs to occur is for the elements to be brought togetherbond form is called an ionic bond

At room temperature, most are hard, brittle, solids.Arrangement of positive and negatively charged ions forms crystals with defined edges when brokenEvery ion is attracted to another in crystal form, therefore they have high melting points.When dissolved in water, the ions move freely and solutions conduct electricity.

Name the metal first, including roman numerals if multivalent. (Ca = calcium)Name the nonmetal second, change the ending to "ide" (ex. Cl = chloride)Combine the ion names and name the compound (calcium chloride)If the metal is multivalentRecognise if the metal is multivalentUncross the subscripts to get the valence charge of each elementsUse the nonmetal valence to verify the chargeIf it is correct, valence is also correctIf it is incorrect, you need to multiply both the make the metal correct.

From the name: Write the chemical symbols of each element with its valence. Add ions as needed so positives = negativesWrite the element symbols with the correct subscript TO THE LOWEST TERMSIf the metal is multivalentWrite the element symbol and its chargeCross the charges to complete the subscriptsREDUCE TO LOWEST TERMS

Recognised by the formula having more than 2 elements or the name ends in "ate" or "ite", or some other name. to get the formula from the name: recognise the ion and find the formula for the polyatomic ion on the chartto get the name from the formula: uncross charges and verify valences if multivalent.

Made up of nonmetals and nonmetalsconsists of the sharing of electrons because both want electronsbond formed is called a covalent bondUses prefixes

Given the chemical formula, use the subscript to decide which prefix to use and add it to the element name if the first element only has one, do NOT put "mono" 2.The ending of the second nonmetal changes to "ide"

Identify the elementsUse the prefixes to add the correct subscript (no crossing/uncrossing ex. Sulfur tetrehydride = SH4)

Represents a chemical reaction.

Uses chemical formulas/symbols to represent the reactionex. Mg (s) + HCl (aq) --> H2 (g) + MgCl2 (aq)

Uses words/names to represent the reaction ex. Magnesium (s) + hydrochloric acid (aq) --> hydrogen (g) + magnesium chloride (aq)

Includes coefficients in front of symbols so every atom is represented ex. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) --> H2 (g) + MgCl2 (aq)

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in any chemical reaction the mass remains the same before and after the reaction (reactants to products). Matter cannot be created nor destroyed.

2 elements combine to make a compoundA + B --> ABH + Cl --> HCl

A compound breaks down into 2 elements (or simpler compounds) AB --> A + B2NF3 --> N2 + 3F2

One element displaces another element in a compoundA + BC --> AC + BLi + MgCl --> LiCl + Mg

The cations in two compounds trade placesAC + BD ---> AD + BCCuBr2 + K2S --> CuS + 2KBr

Acid + Base --> water + ionic compound (SALT)H__ + ___OH --> H2O + MNm To recognize a neutralization reaction:reactants are an acid + baseproducts are water + compound

Fast reactions of a substance with oxygen to produce oxidesoften called burningfuel + oxygen --> oxides, water, energy (heat +light)Burns hydrocarbons: gasoline, natural gas, furnaces, stovesCxHy = O2 --> CO2 + H2OHydrocarbon + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water vapour + energy

Occurs when burning happens, but with not enough oxygen4 products instead of 2Carbon monoxide: COCarbon: C (appears as black soot)Carbon dioxide: CO2Water: H2O

A substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Recognised by their formulas, with at least one (H) at the start. sourcorrosivedissolves in waterconducts electricitycontains nonmetals

Substances that free hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Many bases have hydroxide ion(s) in their formula (OH-). bitterconducts electricitycontains metalscorrosivedissolve in water

The colour spectrum visible to the human eye ranges from red to violet, (ROYGBIV). There are 3 colours true to the human eye, every other colour is our brain's conclusions of what it is seeing. These colours are red, green, and blue. True red and green make up yellow, true red and blue make magenta, and true blue and green make cyan.

The uppermost part of a wavelength (its peak)

The absolute lowest

The distance measured from one singular complete wave to the next within a wavelength.