Ch 30 - Infection Prevention and Management
Factors Effecting Normal Resistance to Infection
Compromised Hosts
Drug Therapy
Coexisting Medical Problems
Immune System Dysfunction
Stress and Hyperglycemia
Inadequate Nutrition
Stasis of Body Fluids
Invasive Devices
Breaks in Skin and Mucus Membranes
Infectious Agents
Fungi
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
Altered Resistance to Infection
Manifestations of Infection
Fever - considered a sign of infection
Phases of
Early signs include: Malaise, listlessness, uneasiness, weakness, muscle of joint discomfort, headache, or anorexia
Progress of Infection
Communicable Disease - the causative agent of the disease is transmissible between one person to another
Communicable Period
Convalescent Period
Acute Phase of Illness
Prodromal Period
Incubation Period
Type of infection
Sepsis
Early symptoms are referred to as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Health-Care Associated Infections (AKA Nosocomial Infections)
Acute VS Chronic
Local VS Systemic (bacteremia)
Normal Resistance to Infection
Specific acquired defenses
Passive Immunity
Active immunity
Vaccination
Humoral Immunity - B lymphocytes produce antibodies
Antigens - foreign particles, such as microbes, that enter a host
Memory of the organisms produces lasting immunity
Cellular immunity (T lymphocytes elaborate killer cells and helper cells)
Nonspecific natural defenses
Fever
Elevated body temperature (greater than 101F or 38.2C)
WBC function
Normal WBC is 5,000 to 10,000, above this range is indicative of infection
Leukocytes - AKA White blood cells
Two categories
Agranulocytes - mononuclear cells that lack digestive enzymes
Granulocytes - polymorphonuclear cells that contain granules of digestive enzymes
Inflammatory Response
H I P E R
H - Heat,
I - Induration (hardening)
P - Pain
E - Edema (swelling)
R - Redness
Attempts to limit injury's extent
Anatomic, Mechanical, & Chemical Barriers
Microorganisms that live on the body surfaces are referred to as normal flora.
Interferon - a nonspecific chemical inhibitor that is secreted by body cells in response to viral invasion
Chemical - acidity of skin and vagina, bactericidal enzymes of saliva, mucus, tears and sweat
Mechanical - intact skin and mucus membranes
Individual Factors
immunization history
Good Nutritional status
Good Hygiene practices
Heredity
