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Plagiarism and honesty in reporting of results
There are codes of ethics that regulate the people's activties to protect the human beings or animals who might be researched. If someone involve the activities, they will be pulished such as litigation or indemnity.
Example: The Academy of Management publishes its Cod of Ethical Conduct annually in the December issue of the Academy of Management Journal.
The research shouldn't be falsified.
Ensure the research through the literature which is entire
Whatever interviewers or organisation that will do the interview, they should have the skills or competence to promise that they would not hurt the respondents
An example: Be anonymous
Short interview
No danger and no privacy
happen in the management
Suggested guideline in suvery: To show the interviewers' names
Briefed questions so that interviewees can answer easily
Some self-description of the purpose of the project in the paper
Interviewers should introduce themselves first
The interviewers should give the respondents the phone number
Prepare some short handout for the respondents
Example: Racism or gender bias
Example; Some research should be informed to be objected to be put in the front of the pubilc.
Students should be informed that which organisation will be the beneficiary of the research.
Only the researchers can recognize the usage of the information that the respondents provide. They must promise that they couldn't abuse the information in some illegal situations which means they must obey some guidelines and monitor what might happen to the information.
Solution: It depends on the researchers' background.
Example: Apprentices, members of organisations, prisoners and some patients in hospitals
Issue: Although some surveys are not involved in the related reponsders' information because of the three parties among the surveys and the anonymous interviews, some people still can get the the reponsders' information inevitably.
Solution: Using the false names or numbers which is involved in individuals, organisations, events, places and communities to aviod the leak of information.
Ten elements of proposal:What, how , when, who, how many and how many, extra.
The most important principle is to address the brief.
Potential Consultants: through the advertisement, they will be asked some questions to indicate an expression of interest in the project which is a brief statement of the consultants' ability, experience and staff.
Briefs
Limited,but brief can indicate proposals
Agenda
Management agenda.
Client organisations
The client's meaning and intentions
Dicussion: the relationship between the client organisations and their requirements.
If the clients ask many requirements, what kind of problems will rise?
Submission of a written proposal or tender
Submit a detail tender
track record
quality of proposal
basis of price
Projects: Undergraduate, PHD thesis or a funded project
Cases study: Using some reasonable detail or elements on the literarure or research
provide a rationale choice
describe the research
Reporting the research and writing the research as sonn as possible
Good research; good preparation
Bad research; inexperienced researchers, too rapid preparation, no convinced
Because of the budget and timetable, the research is limited to reach.
Example: Student research, consultancy research, some other projects.
In some case study, the analysis of data, thoughts and skills are very complex and needed to be undertaken.
When the researchers collect the qualitative data, thoughts must be given as how the results of the interviews will be analysed.
After the research collect the methods, they will plan the data collection process. They also need to consider whether the process is out into the field and the planning of the fieldwork
Example: The pilot study planning process is not only the wording of questionaire, but also discover the duration of the process, because the duration may affect the budget or the scale of data gathering
Questionnaire-based surveys
Qualitative methods
Experimental and observation methods
Utilisation of existing information
A list of the information needs should be important to rise.
The concept of operationalising concepts is to decide how a concept or variable is to measured.
Notice: Identified or assessed would be more appropriate than measured.
Statistical analysis
null hypothesis probably false
null hypothesis probably true
Experimental research
a null hypothesis
No relationship between two variables
No difference between two group
Hypotheses
Hypotheses are stated in the form that predict a difference between two groups in relation to some variable, or that there is a relationship between two variables.
For example: There is a difference between the organisational commitment of male employees and female employess.
There is a relationship between job satisfaction and salary level.
Directional hypotheses
Example: Female employees have a higher level of organisational commitment than male employees.
There is a postive relationship between job satisfaction and salary level.
Directional hypotheses are two kinds: a higher level of commitment and a postive relationship.
Differences in a particular direction
Confident about the direction of a relationship
Non-directional hypotheses
They do not need to predict the direction of the difference or relationship.
Research question
Hypothesis to be tested
For example: What is the relationship between advertising expenditure and revenue?
A hypothesis dealing with the same topic might be expressed as:
There is a postive relationship between advertising expenditure and revenue.
The objectives of the research
organisational commitment influences the level of staff turnover
job satisfaction affects organisational commitment
the relative influences
Primary
Subsidiary questions
Job characteristics
Personal characteristics
Practical terms
the resources available to the researcher
Theoretical
Research questions/manageable subprojects
Big issue
What kind of the problems could provide a basis for more detailed or extensive research?
research questions
answerability of the question
the scale and scope of the implied research program
relationship between concepts//variables
organisational commitment influence staff turnover
Job satisfaction affect organisational commitment
influences
T is the concept staff turenover
E is the concept size of organisation
a and b are parameters.
Evaluative
Explanatory
Descriptive
Operationalisation of the concepts
assessed, if qualitative in nature
measured , if quantitative in nature
Exploration of relationships between concepts
use concept map
Definition of concepts
Identification of concepts
going backwards and forwards between the elements
iterative
starting point
The building blocks
Concept, definition, operationalisation
How to understand the concept, definition and operationlisation
The research is ongoing and unpredicable by the actived communcation such as annual reportsm newspaper or websites.
Some research might be replicated based on the history
Comparsion between Los Angels and Sydney
Conclusion: Even the same topic or the same research, different enviroment may cause the different research.
The entire basis of the research, a source of ideas on topics for research, a source of information research done by others, a source of methodological or theoretical ideas, a source of comparison between your research and that of others, a source of information that is an intergral or supportive part of the research
Motivation
Some social issue may stimulate the social research
deprived or neglected groups
the health needs of outworkers
the environment
The difference: Confidential and not examined wider implication by organisation
Public and more general implication by academics
academics
organisations
Example
Example: a tested theory, a theory related to manufacture not service organisations, a theory created by entire men, not women,
The responsiblilty and position of the researchers
disadeantage
unable to view the situation
The researcher unable to view the situation as objectively as prior interest or knowledge
biased
adventage
the high level of motivation
the high level of motivation which can be brought to the research
the possibility
the possibility of access to individuals and further information
the knowledge
the knowledge of the phenomenon that the researcher already has
