CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES

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CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES

Rubin's (1987)

Communication Strategies

clarifying what the speaker intended

focus on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning across

Learning Strategies

Metacognitive Learning Strategies

planning prioritising setting goals self-management

Cognitive Learning Strategies

Clarification / Verification Guessing / Inductive Inferencing Deductive Reasoning Practice Memorization Monitoring

activities that afford learners the opportunities to be exposed to and practise their knowledge

O'Malley's (1985)

Socioaffective Strategies

related with social- mediating activity and transacting with others.

Cognitive Strategies

specific learning tasks that involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself

Meta-cognitive Strategies

-to express executive function -strategies which require planning for learning -thinking about the learning process as it is taking place -monitoring of one's production or comprehension -evaluating learning after an activity is completed.

Oxford's (1990)

DIRECT STRATEGIES

Compensation strategies

-Guessing intelligently -Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Cognitive

-Practising -Receiving and sending messages strategies -Analysing and reasoning -Creating structure for input and output

Memory

-Creating mental linkages -Applying images and sounds 330 -Reviewing well -Employing action

INDIRECT STRATEGIES

Social Strategies

Cooperating with others

Emphathising with others

Asking questions

Affective Strategies

Taking your emotional temperature

Lowering your anxiety

Encouraging yourself

Metacognitive Strategies

Evaluating your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

A. Centering your learning