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Lindemann - Macromolecules

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von A R

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Module 4 Mind Map Assignment copy

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structure + function of polysaccharides determined by sugar monomer and type of glycosidic linkage

structure (e.g. cellulose, chitin)

hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

LIPIDS

regulates membrane fluidity, component of hormones

contain 4 fused rings

Steroids

energy storage

glycerol and fatty acid linked by ester linkages

Fats (triacylglycerol)

Golgi Apparatus- Modifies proteins and involved in intercellular transport

Centrosomes- regulates cell motility & adhesion and polarity in interphase,

Vacuole- Animals have small vacuoles that mainly hold organic molecules and are responsible for transport through the plasma membrane.

Lysosome- digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

Cell Wall- Holds the plants together when exposed to hypotonic solutions that would otherwise burst the cell, making it 'turgid.'

Nucleus- Hold's genetic info, keep DNA integrity, and conduct replication & transcription

Plant

Central Vacuole- Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a large vacuole in the middle of the cell that holds a large amount of water.

Chloroplast- convert light energy into chemical energy via the photosynthetic process, contains plastids, and has its own DNA.

Endosymbiotic Theory- The beginning of eukaryotic cells organelle. Such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes that were consumed and formed a symbiotic with the cell that ate them. This is supported by the fact that Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own separate DNA

Animal

Same Organelles in Both Types of Eukaryotes & Their Functions

Mitochondria- Responsible for making ATP and is double-membraned and has its own DNA

Rough ER- Ribosomes attached to wall that synthesize proteins

Smooth ER- Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies cells

Vacuole- Hold important organic materials or hold waste materials inside of cell's

Ribosomes Function - Synthesizing proteins

Membrane Bound Nucleus

Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan (In Bacteria)

No Membrane Bound Nucleus

Chromosomes are Circular and float around in cytoplasm instead of a nucleus.

PROTEINS

Amino Acids: monomer in proteins

Hydrogen

R Group

Carboxyl group

Amino group

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Coordination of an organism's activities

Transports of substances

Carrier proteins

Storage of amino acids

Protection against disease

Subtopic

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Enzyme

Quaternary

Two polypeptides in tertiary level, interacting with R groups

Tertiary

Forms final 3D shape

Folds through interaction of R groups

Basic

Ion dipole: Complete positive charge with water bond

Acidic

Hydrophilic

Polar Bonds

Non Polar Bonds

Hydrophobic interactions

Secondary

Alpha helices

Beta Plated Sheets

Primary

Polypeptide

Uses main chain to form bonds

Intramolecular Bonds: Covalent

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

imperative for cell life

linked to signal transductions

& organelle functions

& physiological processes

& human diseases

Each phospholipid has a specific transition temperature

goes into a liquid crystalline phase when the temperature is exceeded

phospholipids move rapidly when fluid

movement in membranes is regulated by the cholesterol in membranes

movement is reduced as temperature decreases

when this happens the membrane becomes more gel-like.

Bilayer forms by self assembly when contact is made with water

Self-assembly is a characteristic feature

acts as a barrier to protect the cell

Form because of their amphiphilic characteristics

hydrophilic heads make all contact with the solution

Tails point inside

Shielded from external environment

Two fatty acids attached to glycerol

Non polar hydrophobic tails

The type of hydrocarbon tails effects the plasma membrane fluidity

glycerol attaches to a phosphate group

polar hydrophilic head

hydrophilic because of the phosphate group

Exhibits negative charge within cell

Soluble in non polar solvents

Hydrophobic behavior

A type of lipid, one of the most important components of biochemistry

Major component of the cell membrane

impart selective permeability

they control the movement of molecules across the cell membrane

Membranes have saturated and unsaturated fatty acids to maintain the proper amount of fluidity

responsible for dynamic membrane fluctuations

Cytoplasm, DNA/RNA, Membrane, Ribosomes

Cellular Membrane- Semi-permeable barrier that allows essential molecules into the cell for use

DNA/RNA - Genetic material that's responsible for longterm storage of cellular information

Cytoplasm- Gel-like substance that is a medium for chemical reactions in cell

Prokaryotes (Archaea & Bacteria)

Capsules- Helps prokaryotes cling to each other and to various surfaces in their environment

Plasmids - genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes.