Error Analysis
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Fossilization vs Stabilization
The main difference between fossilization and stabilization is permanence and the causes.
Stabilization
- It refers to the moment in which learners' language development has reach an apparent "plateau", (Long, 2003)
- It usually occurs in advanced stages, where language learning seems not to experience any changes.
Fossilization
- It is the permanent incorporation of incorrect linguistic forms into a person's second language competence.
- Fossilization is impacted by conditioning, reinforcement, need, motivation, self-determination.
- Affective feedback and cognitive feedback are factors related to fossilization.
- It could be the result of the presence or absence of internal motivating factors or seeking interactions with other people.
Intralingual vs Interlingual
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Main difference is the language transfer, intralingual is within the second language, and interlanguage is with the native language.
Interlingual
- It occurs at the beginning stages of learning a second language.
- It usually happens due to the transfer or interference of the native language
Intralingual
- It is the transfer within the target language, the major factor is the second language itself.
- It happens once learners have acquired parts of the new system and a generalization within the target language occurs.
Global vs Local errors
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Global errors affect comprehension whereas local erros do not.
Local
- They do not prevent the message from being understood.
- There is a minor violation of one segment of a sentence allowing the hearer to make an accurate guess.
Global
- They hinder communication.
- They prevent the hearer from understanding the message
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Types of feedback
Repetition
S: I did my bed this morning
T: I did?
Explicit correction
S: She have three sisters.
T: I, you, we and they use have, she, he or it, use has.
Elicitation
S: She have three sisters.
T: She... try again please.
S: She has three sisters.
Metalinguistic feedback
S: She have three sisters.
T: Do we use have or has with third person singular?
S: She has three sisters.
Clarification request
S: He take the bust to go to school
T: Pardon me?
Recast
S: I did my bed this morning
T: Oh, you made your bed this morning.
Categories
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Substitution
- Will you going to the movies?
Ordering
I need to know where is the bank?
Omission
Addition
Example
- I don't know what do you mean
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Mistakes vs Errors
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The difference between them is that mistakes have to do with the performance and errors with the system of the learners.
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Error
- It reflects the competence of the learner.
- It cannot be self-correct as it is a deviation of the learner's system.
Mistake
- It refers to performance errors that it is caused by failing in utilizing a known system correctly.
- Mistakes can be made in the native or second language.
- Speakers are capable of recognizing and correcting them.
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Overt vs Covert errors
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Difference
Main difference between overt and covert errors is that they play a different role when doing an error analysis, one overt errors are systematic and covert are idiosyncratic.
Covert errors
- These are well formed expressions at a sentence level, but are not interpretable at a discourse or context level.
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Overt errors
- These are grammatically errors at the sentence level.
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