GRAMMAR IV

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Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

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present perfect

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Ask for and give direction

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LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

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Suppose / Imagine

If the event es referred to a real possibility, a present form is possible

Ex. Suppose you miss the train

Understood conditions: The conditional part of this kind of sentences is often understood but not stated

Ex. Suppose your crush declared his love for you

Ex.Imagine you won the contest!

As if / As though

Can be real and unreal

The more colloquial like is, it doesn't requiere the verb form change

Ex. You look as you've just seen a ghost (formal)

Ex. You look like you've just seen a ghost (informal)

The verb form depends on whether the situation is real or not

Ex. You look as if you've seen a ghost (Unreal, he's just scared because something bad happened)

Ex. You look as if you're having a headache (true, he is having a headache)

I'd rather / I'd prefer

Followed by a clause

I'd prefer can be used in the same way, but in this kind of sentence has an object it

However, I'd prefer is not followed by an unreal verb form in other situations

Ex. I'd prefer it if you didn't go

I'd rather and I'd sooner are used with normal verb forms when comparing nouns and phrases

Ex. I'd rather study Music than Literature

I'd rather is followed by past verb forms (same as in wishes about the present), and it expresses preference about actions

Ex. I'd rather you didn't smoke in here

Wishes

Hope

This expresses wishes about simple future events

Ex. I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow

Past time

As with present wishes, the verb form after wish is one stage further back in the past. These are wishes referring to a past event that cannot be changed

Ex. I wish I hadn't eaten so much

This use of wish is common after If only to express regrets

Would

Its use often describes an annoying habit

Ex. I wish you wouldn't be so noisy

Used when the speaker wants somebody or something else to change

Ex. I wish he would change his mind and see me like something else

Present/future time

Here's another past form

Ex. I wish you weren't leaving (You're leaving now)

These are wishes where we want to change a present/future state

Ex. I wish I had a car (I don't have one now)

It's time, it's high time

These are followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to is unreal

It's high time we were heading home now

It's time I went home now

Unreal time

Unreal situations

Also used in subordinate clauses after wish and suppose

I wish you were here (You are not here)

I wish the journey were over (It's not over)

If I were you, I would apply right now (I am not you)

Used in conditional and concessive clauses

Operative Subjunctive

Used in fixed expressions

God save the Queen

Be that as it may

If I have to pretend that you no longer exist, so be it.

A toast now: long live the bride and groom.

This structure may be unsual and difficult at first sight, but once you understand it

The teacher demanded that we do our homework during class

This use is more characteristic of AmE

Mandative subjunctive

Used in That-clauses after an expression of such notions as

Intentions

Proposal

Recommendations

Demands

The Subjunctive mood expresses wishes, conditions contrary to fact, and requests and commands

Past subjunctive

Hypothetical meaning

Present subjunctive

There are two main uses

Subjunctive Mood

Explained in detail

Compounds and idioms

Idioms are a group of words in a fixed expression that cannot be guessed

Here are some examples

Compounds are units of meaning formed with two or more words, separated for a hyphen or written as one

Here's a catchy and funny way to explain this topic

They can be guessed by knowing the meaning of the individual words

Types of collocations

Adverb + Adjective (Happily married)

Verb + Adverb (Whisper softly)

Verb + Prep (Filled with anger)

Noun + Noun (A sense of pride)

Noun + Verb (The company has grown)

Verb + Noun (Make a fuss)

Adjective + Noun (Bright color)

COLLOCATIONS

Pair or group of words that are often together

Some are strong and fixed

Some combinations just sound wrong for L1 people

They help improve style in writing

They give us an alternative way to say something

They help us sound natural

They generally have words with more tan one sentence function

I don't like Peter / doing / that (Subject + verb + D.O)

They can be expanded into a full clause with a finite verb

While running for the bus, I slipped on the ice = While I was running for the bus, I slipped on the ice.

But there are two reasons for not doing that

Phrases and Clauses

A phrase does not have a subject and a verb, whereas a clause does

For this reason, non-finite and verbless clauses are treated as phrases in traditional grammar

When there is no expressed subject in a non-finite or verbless clause, the implied subject is the subject of the verb in the main clause

Ex. I don't want to do that (the implied subject of 'to do' is 'I')

Dangling Participles

Participle in a non-finite clause whose implied and unexpressed subject is not the same as the subject of the verb in the main clause

Ex. I don't want to do that (unexpressed subject)

Ex. I don't want you to do that (expressed subject)

INDIRECT COMMANDS

I told her not to do that (indirect command)

'Don't do that,' I said to her (direct command)

Non-finite clauses are used to form

Both non-finite and verbless clause, can function as a noun and adverbial clauses. In addition, they have the same function in sentences as subordinate clauses

Ex. While in town, I met your mum (verbless clause as adjunct, saying when)

Ex. Painting the kitchen will take ages (non-finite clause as subject)

Verbless Clause

This kind of clause has no verb in it

Ex. Now much better, she could smile.

EX. Come next week if possible

Non-finite clause

There are four types

Gerund

Ex. When cooking the meal, I cut my finger.

Verbal noun

Ex. I keep on hearing funny noises.

Participle

Ex. Once made, the decisión is final.

Infinitive

Ex. To graduate, I need to study hard.

Finite and non-finite verbs & clauses

Non-finite verbs don't indicate tense

Finite verbs indicate tense

GRAMMAR IV

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