Regina Isabel Díaz Palacios 2070046
Perfil de lípidos e indicadores para el diagnóstico y control del paciente con diabetes.
Pruebas del control del paciente diabético
Glucosuria
La presencia de glucosa en orina se denomina glucosuria y se manifiesta cuando los niveles de la concentración de glucosa en sangre rebasan los 160 a 180
mg/dL, cantidades que los túbulos renales no podrán reabsorber y termina
por eliminarse. Se puede detectar con tiras reactivas cuya función se basa en
la reacción enzimática con el reactivo de glucosa-oxidasa y lo normal es que
no se elimine por la orina.
Microalbuminuria
En los diabéticos tipo 1 la microalbuminuria es un dato bioquímico que se
presenta en el inicio de un daño glomerular y que pudiera ser reversible; sirve
para el pronóstico del desarrollo de complicaciones tales como problemas cardiovasculares y aumento de la presión arterial.
Cuando se presenta albuminuria con niveles de 20 a 200 mg/L, es difícil de
detectar con las técnicas convencionales, pero es posible hacer las mediciones en
forma cuantitativa o semicuantitativa mediante tiras reactivas (Micral-Test), por
pruebas colorimétricas y de precipitación. S
Fructosamina
Las pruebas de fructosamina se utilizan para evaluar el control de la glicemia
a corto plazo (de 3 a 6 semanas) debido a que la vida media de las proteínas es
de 2 a 3 semanas. Esta prueba no debe realizarse si la albúmina en suero es
igual o inferior a 3.0 g/dL, o ante la presencia de cifras altas de bilirrubina o
ácido úrico. L
Hemoglobina glucosilada
La hemoglobina se glucosila mediante un proceso no enzimático, cuando la
glucosa ingresa al eritrocito.
Los individuos no diabéticos generalmente
tienen niveles de HbA1c entre 4 y 6%
Monitoreo glucosa en sangre
Este monitoreo se realiza mediante técnicas de química seca, en las que las tiras reactivas contienen glucosa oxidasay peroxidada; al contacto con la glucosa, la tira reactiva cambia de color, cuya intensidad es directamente proporcional a la concentración de glucosa. La tira reactiva es introducida en el glucómetro y en un lapso de 30 a 60 segundos aparece la lectura de la concentración de glucosa en unidades convencional o
del Sistema Internacional.
Prueba para diagnosticar diabetes
Medicion de insulina en sangre
Mide la cantidad de insulina en sangre y se puede realizar en ayuno o después de una carga de glucosa.
Normal: 2-20 µU/mL (puede variar según el laboratorio).
Ayuda a evaluar la función del páncreas, diagnosticar resistencia a la insulina y diferenciar entre tipos de diabetes. En combinación con la glucosa, se usa para calcular el índice HOMA-IR (indicador de resistencia a la insulina).
Prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa
Consiste en medir la glucosa en sangre en ayuno, y luego a intervalos específicos después de una carga de glucosa (usualmente a las 2 horas).
Valores de referencia (a las 2 horas):
Normal: < 140 mg/dL
Pre-diabetes: 140-199 mg/dL
Diabetes: ≥ 200 mg/dL
Detecta la respuesta del cuerpo a una carga de glucosa y se usa para diagnosticar diabetes y prediabetes cuando otras pruebas no son concluyentes.
Glucosa en orina
Detecta la presencia de glucosa en la orina, que normalmente no debería estar presente a niveles significativos.
Valores de referencia:
Normal: Ausencia de glucosa en la orina (o trazas).
Umbral renal: 160-180 mg/dL en sangre. Cuando la glucosa en sangre supera este umbral, comienza a aparecer en la orina.
Indicador indirecto de niveles elevados de glucosa en sangre, útil para detectar diabetes o monitorear su control, sobre todo en personas que ya han sido diagnosticadas.
Glucosa Posprandial
Mide la glucosa en sangre 2 horas después de una comida o de ingerir una carga de glucosa de 75 gramos (usualmente parte de una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa).
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Valores de referencia:
Normal: < 140 mg/dL
Pre-diabetes: 140-199 mg/dL
Diabetes: ≥ 200 mg/dL
Esta prueba es útil para evaluar la capacidad del cuerpo para procesar glucosa después de comer, y puede detectar alteraciones que no son evidentes en la glucosa en ayuno.
Glucosa sanguínea en ayuno
Evalúa la cantidad de glucosa en la sangre después de un ayuno de al menos 8 horas.
Valores de referencia:
Normal: 70-99 mg/dL
Pre-diabetes: 100-125 mg/dL (glucosa en ayuno alterada)
Diabetes: ≥ 126 mg/dL en dos ocasiones diferentes
Utilidad: Es la prueba principal para detectar diabetes y prediabetes, y permite evaluar la eficiencia del cuerpo en mantener la glucosa dentro de niveles normales.
Perfil de lipidos
Colesterol LDL
Cifra de referencia: < 100 mg/dL
Interpretación:
Óptimo: < 100 mg/dL
Casi óptimo/Alto límite: 100-129 mg/dL
Alto: 130-159 mg/dL
Muy alto: ≥ 160 mg/dL
Utilidad: La LDL transporta colesterol hacia los tejidos, y niveles altos pueden causar acumulación en las paredes arteriales, aumentando el riesgo de infarto y otras enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Colesterol HDL
Cifra de referencia: ≥ 40 mg/dL (hombres) y ≥ 50 mg/dL (mujeres)
Interpretación:
Bajo: < 40 mg/dL en hombres, < 50 mg/dL en mujeres
Deseable: ≥ 60 mg/dL (asociado a menor riesgo cardiovascular)
Utilidad: La HDL ayuda a remover el colesterol de las arterias. Un nivel bajo se asocia con mayor riesgo cardiovascular, mientras que niveles altos protegen contra enfermedades del corazón.
Triglicéridos
Cifra de referencia: < 150 mg/dL
Interpretación:
Normal: < 150 mg/dL
Límite alto: 150-199 mg/dL
Alto: 200-499 mg/dL
Muy alto: ≥ 500 mg/dL
Utilidad: Los triglicéridos altos, en combinación con niveles elevados de LDL y bajos de HDL, aumentan el riesgo de enfermedades cardíacas. También se asocian con el síndrome metabólico y diabetes.
Colesterol Total
Cifra de referencia: < 200 mg/dL
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--theme-shadow-s1: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
--theme-shadow-s2: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
--theme-shadow-s3: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
--theme-box-shadow-s1: 0px 1px 20px 0px var(--theme-shadow-s1);
--theme-box-shadow-s2: 0px 8px 24px 0px var(--theme-shadow-s2), 0px 0px 1px 0px var(--theme-shadow-s2);
--theme-box-shadow-s3: 0px 12px 40px -4px var(--theme-shadow-s3), 0px 0px 2px 0px var(--theme-shadow-s2);
}
._monica-theme-d2f2b383._monica-dark {
--theme-text-primary: #F3F3F3;
--theme-text-secondary: #DBDBDB;
--theme-text-tertiary: #AAAAAA;
--theme-text-quaternary: #7A7A7A;
--theme-text-disable: #4C4C4C;
--theme-text-white-primary: #E9EAED;
--theme-text-white-secondary: #E9EAED;
--theme-text-link: #5E8CFF;
--theme-text-link-active: #3767EB;
--theme-text-brand: #7F58FD;
--theme-icon-primary: #F3F3F4;
--theme-icon-secondary: #BFBFC4;
--theme-icon-tertiary: #A7A7AE;
--theme-icon-quaternary: #77777E;
--theme-icon-disable: #4A4A4F;
--theme-icon-white-primary: #F3F3F4;
--theme-icon-white-secondary: #F3F3F4;
--theme-icon-brand: #7F58FD;
--theme-btn-fill-primary: #7F58FD;
--theme-btn-fill-primary-hover: #8363E9;
--theme-btn-fill-primary-active: #5E40BF;
--theme-btn-fill-secondary: #56565F3D;
--theme-btn-fill-secondary-hover: #56565F52;
--theme-btn-fill-secondary-active: #56565F52;
--theme-btn-fill-tertiary: #3C2B73;
--theme-btn-fill-tertiary-hover: #332560;
--theme-btn-fill-tertiary-active: #271F42;
--theme-btn-border-primary: #A2B1D733;
--theme-btn-border-secondary: #A2B1D71F;
--theme-fill-tsp-components-primary: #56565F52;
--theme-fill-tsp-components-secondary: #56565F33;
--theme-fill-tsp-components-tertiary: #56565F1F;
--theme-fill-btn-primary: #2d2d2f;
--theme-fill-btn-secondary: #252528;
--theme-fill-white: #0000003D;
--theme-fill-tsp-blue: #5E8CFF1F;
--theme-fill-tsp-brand: #765AD01F;
--theme-fill-tsp-brand-primary: #765AD0D9;
--theme-fill-tsp-brand-secondary: #765AD0A6;
--theme-fill-tsp-brand-tertiary: #765AD073;
--theme-fill-tsp-gray: #56565FA6;
--theme-fill-black-none: #2D2D2F;
--theme-label-tsp-brand-primary: #765AD03D;
--theme-label-tsp-brand-secondary: #765AD01F;
--theme-border-light: #56565F33;
--theme-border-primary: #56565F52;
--theme-border-quaternary: #56565F73;
--theme-border-active: #7F58FD;
--theme-border-white: #FFFFFF0A;
--theme-tab-fill: #56565F1F;
--theme-tab-fill-active: #77777E;
--theme-tooltips-fill: #000000F2;
--theme-bg-white: #202020;
--theme-bg-gray-primary: #252528;
--theme-bg-gray-secondary: #1B1B1D;
--theme-bg-mask: #00000073;
--theme-bg-menu-white: #282828;
--theme-bg-menu-gray: #2D2D2F;
--theme-bg-tsp-gray-primary: #252528E6;
--theme-bg-tsp-white-primary: #25272D;
--theme-bg-gray-nav: #2D2D2F;
--theme-bg-tsp-white-secondary: #0000003D;
--theme-function-info: #0F76BC;
--theme-function-success: #278056;
--theme-function-warning: #B07807;
--theme-function-error: #8E2827;
--theme-function-error-border: #742525;
--theme-function-warning-light: #443518;
--theme-function-warning-border: #634B1B;
--theme-shadow-s1: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
--theme-shadow-s2: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32);
--theme-shadow-s3: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45);
}
}
.monica-writing-entry-btn-wrapper {
position: absolute;
right: 9px;
bottom: 2px;
pointer-events: all;
user-select: none;
-webkit-user-drag: none;
}
.monica-writing-entry-btn {
position: relative;
height: 28px;
transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
border-radius: 28px;
background: var(--theme-bg-white);
box-shadow: 0px 1px 4px 0px var(--theme-shadow-s2), 0px 0px 1px 0px var(--theme-shadow-s3);
overflow: hidden;
}
.monica-writing-clickable-box {
position: absolute;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
height: 100%;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 2px;
}
.monica-writing-clickable-group {
display: inline-flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 2px;
}
.monica-writing-clickable-item {
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
-webkit-user-drag: none;
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
box-sizing: border-box;
height: 24px;
padding: 3px;
border-radius: 12px;
color: var(--theme-icon-disable);
transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
}
.monica-writing-clickable-item-bg:hover {
background: var(--theme-border-primary);
}
.monica-writing-clickable-item.monica-writing-off:hover {
color: var(--theme-text-brand);
}
.monica-writing-clickable-item.monica-writing-writing {
color: var(--theme-text-brand);
}
.monica-writing-clickable-item.monica-writing-open {
color: var(--theme-text-brand);
opacity: 0.5;
}
.monica-writing-divider {
background-color: var(--theme-border-light);
min-width: 1px;
height: 12px;
}
.monica-writing-grammar-checking-content {
min-width: 18px;
height: 18px;
display: flex;
box-sizing: border-box;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
border-radius: 16px 16px 6px 16px;
color: var(--theme-text-white-primary);
white-space: nowrap;
}
.monica-writing-grammar-checking-loading {
background: var(--theme-icon-brand);
}
.monica-writing-tooltip_wrapper {
z-index: 9999;
}
.monica-writing-grammar-checking-content.monica-writing-grammar-checking-has-result {
background: var(--theme-function-error);
padding: 2px;
}
.monica-writing-grammar-checking-content.monica-writing-grammar-checking-result-than-100 {
border-radius: 16px 8px 3px 16px;
padding: 2px;
}
.monica-writing-grammar-checking-result {
color: var(--theme-text-white-primary);
font-size: 12px;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
line-height: 16px;
}
.monica-writing-grammar-checking-icon {
animation: monica-writing-grammar-checking-icon-rotate 1s linear infinite;
}
@keyframes monica-writing-grammar-checking-icon-rotate {
from {
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
to {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
.monica-writing-caret {
width: 1.5px;
background-color: var(--theme-border-active);
pointer-events: none;
position: absolute;
border-radius: 1px;
}
.monica-writing-caret-head {
background-color: var(--theme-border-active);
width: 6px;
height: 6px;
border-radius: 6px;
position: absolute;
left: -2.25px;
}
@media print {
.monica-writing-entry-btn {
display: none;
}
}
.monica-writing-primary-btn {
box-sizing: border-box;
padding: 4px 8px;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 24px;
color: var(--theme-text-white-primary);
background: var(--theme-btn-fill-primary);
border-radius: 8px;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
}
.monica-writing-primary-btn:hover {
background: var(--theme-btn-fill-primary-hover);
}
.monica-writing-primary-btn:active {
background: var(--theme-btn-fill-primary-active);
}
.monica-writing-text-btn {
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 24px;
color: var(--theme-text-tertiary);
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
padding: 4px 8px;
border-radius: 8px;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
width: 100%;
}
.monica-writing-text-btn:hover,
.monica-writing-text-btn:active {
color: var(--theme-fill-tsp-components-secondary);
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide {
position: absolute;
right: 0;
bottom: 30px;
width: 300px;
min-height: 100px;
border-radius: 20px;
background: var(--theme-bg-white);
box-shadow: var(--theme-box-shadow-s1);
padding: 16px;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 12px;
user-select: unset;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-header {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
gap: 12px;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-title {
flex: 1;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 4px;
font-size: 16px;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-close {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-shrink: 0;
cursor: pointer;
width: 24px;
height: 24px;
border-radius: 8px;
color: var(--theme-text-quaternary);
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-close:hover {
background: var(--theme-fill-tsp-components-secondary);
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-content {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: 10px;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-msg {
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 22px;
color: var(--theme-text-primary);
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-img {
padding: 0 20px;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-img img {
width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-footer {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
gap: 8px;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-footer .monica-writing-primary-btn,
.monica-writing-gc-guide-footer .monica-writing-subscribe-btn {
width: 100%;
}
.monica-writing-gc-setting-guide {
width: auto;
}
.monica-writing-gc-setting-guide .monica-writing-gc-guide-footer {
align-items: flex-end;
}
.monica-writing-gc-setting-guide .monica-writing-primary-btn {
width: auto;
min-width: 60px;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-setting {
color: var(--theme-text-brand);
cursor: pointer;
}
.monica-writing-gc-guide-setting:hover {
opacity: 0.8;
}
Deseable: < 200 mg/dL
Límite alto: 200-239 mg/dL
Alto: ≥ 240 mg/dL
Utilidad: Niveles altos se asocian con riesgo cardiovascular, mientras que niveles dentro de rango sugieren bajo riesgo.
