Systems of the Body

Mehr dazu

Composition of Whole Blood

von Lindsey Walker

CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO CHRONIC EXERCISE

von Fairuz Umairah

Developing synapses and the purpose of synaptic pruning

von SHEWA OTHMAN

Human Tissue

von AREF HUSSEIN

Oxygen and carbon dioxide have to diffuse through 2 thin walls.

Tissues (cells requiring oxygen and and producing carbon dioxide)

Systems of the Body

Nervous System

Sensory Receptors receive input from our internal and external environment. Signals are sent along the peripheral nerves to our central nervous system.

Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Made of special cells called neurons

Neurons in the central nervous system don't regenerate easily. Some neurons in the peripheral nervous system regrow to repair a very small gap that is only a few millimetres apart between severed nerves.

Axons of limited neurons are covered by myelin.

Myelin acts like insulation on an electrical wire.

Prevents electrical impulses from passing to the wrong neuron.

Conducts electrical signals from one area of the body to another.

An estimation of 100 billion neurons in the brain

Peripheral Nervous System (3 groups of nerves)

Regulate involuntary functions like breathing heartbeat and digestion.

Carry info from sensory organs, like eyes ears, tastebuds, and touch receptors to the brain.

Control the voluntary muscles

Central Nervous System

Shielded by bones.

Brain and Spinal cord

Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

-Cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury -Transports chemicals and removes waste produced by the brain

Spine guards protect the spinal cord.

Skull protects the brain.

Made up of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Musculoskeletal System

Skeletal System

Cartilage

-Dense connective tissue mainly found in the ear, nose, esophagus, disks between vertebrae, and joints -Made up of special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres -Provides strong, flexible, low-friction support for bones and other tissues -prevents damage to the ends of bones

Ligaments

-Tough, elastic, connective tissues that hold bones together at the joints -Made up of mostly long fibres of collagen

Bones

-Hard and dense -Consists of bone cells within matrix of minerals (mainly Calcium and Phosphorus) and collagen fibres -Canals inside bones have nerves + blood vessels -Small percentage of bone tissue is living -Stores calcium and other minerals that are needed by the organism

Muscular System

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Muscles can pull but not push.

Cardiac Muscle

Only in the heart, another example of a smooth muscle (involuntary)

Smooth Muscles (involuntary)

Involuntary muscles expand and contract without a conscious thought. you aren't able to control these muscles.

Skeletal Muscle (voluntary)

Always work in opposing pairs or groups

Voluntary muscles allow you to control them with a conscious thought.

-Consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins -Proteins cause the muscle to contract -Contracting of the muscles causes them to get shorter and thicker

Respiratory System

Gas Exchange

Oxygen

Bloodstream

The Mouth/The Nose

The Trachea (windpipe)

Bronchi (singular: bronchus)

Alveoli (singular: alveolus)

Lungs (air containing oxygen carbon dioxide, and other gases)

Circulatory System

Blood Vessels can be:

Capillaries

Are tiny blood vessels with very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between blood and other body fluids.

Veins

Carry blood toward the heart (under lower pressure + walls of veins aren't as thick)

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart (under greater pressure than blood in other vessels)

The Heart (3 types of tissue)

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

-Special tissue only found in the heart -All cardiac muscles in the heart contract at the same time -Pumps blood around the body

Blood (4 components)

Plasma

-Protein rich liquid -Carries blood cells through the circulatory system -Makes up over 50% of the blood's volume

Platelets

-Tiny cells that help in the case of blood clotting -Makes up less than 1% of the volume of blood

White Blood Cells

-Recognizes + destroys invading bacteria -Less than 1% of the blood's volume -Only blood cells to have a nucleus

Red Blood Cells

-Most plentiful -Makes up about 50% of the blood's volume -Has a protein called hemoglobin -Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to transport oxygen through the body -Hemoglobin makes cells red

Digestive System

Accessory Organs

Gall Bladder

Stores bile that is created by the liver.

Pancreas

Produces insulin. Breaks down the sugar that is consumed. Regulates our glucose level.

Liver

Produces bile. A liquid that breaks down fats in our food

The Mouth

The Esophagus

The Stomach

The Intestine

Small Intestine

Absorbs nutrients and minerals from food.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water from remaining leftover food

Between the stomach + anus. Produces mucus.