Tree organigram

Mehr dazu

Manipulating, Researching, and Cloning DNA and Genes

von Lillian Hyde

Organigram

von Eryn Van Thielen

Organigram

von Stephanie Fallin

Domains and kingdoms

von Nour El Huda

Universal Ancestor - DNA as genetic storage - ether bonds in cell membrane

Common Ancestor - presence of histones

American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) Eukarya - presence of membrane-bound organelles - presence of membrane-bound nucleus

Unikonta

Opisthokonta - single posterior flagellum on swimming cells

Animals - multicellularity - absorptive heterotroph - mobility - complex organ systems - gametic life cycle

Giant Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia muta) Porifera

Eumetazoa

Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita) Cnidaria - diploblasty - radial symmetry

Medusozoa

Pennaria disticha Hydrozoa - polyp and medusa

Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita) Scyphozoa - usually only medusa

Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) Anthozoa - usually only polyp

Bilateria

Deuterostomia - radial and indeterminate cleavage

Chordata - notochord - dosal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - endostyle

Branchiostoma lanceolatum Cephalochordata - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail

Sea Peaches (Halocynthia aurantium) Urochordata - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail

Vertebrates

Agathans - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - cartilaginous skeleton - ectothermic

Chondrichthyes - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - cartilaginous skeleton - ectothermic

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - ectothermic

Lobe-finned fishes - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - ectothermic

Amphibia - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - limbs - ectothermic

Reptilia - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - limbs - ectothermic (non-bird reptiles) - endothermic (birds) - amniotic egg

Mammalia - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve cord - pharyngeal slits - post-anal tail - cranium - vertebral column - jaws - bony skeleton - lungs or lung derivatives - limbs - endothermic - amniotic egg - hair - milk

Giant Sea Star (Pisater giganteus) Enchinodermata - spiny skin - water vascular system - adults radially symmetrical, larvae are bilaterally symmetrical - no brain - complete digestive tract

California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus) Holothuroidea

Asteroidea

Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura) Ophiuroidea

Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) Enchinoidea

Protostomia - spiral and determinate cleavage - blastopore becomes mouth

Lophotrochozoa - trochophore and/or lophophore larvae

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium) Platyhelmnithese - acoelomates - incomplete digestive tract - no respiratory or circulatory systems

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium) Cestoda (Tapeworms) - parasitic - no digestive tract

Macrostomum lignano Rhabditophorans (Free-living)

Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica) Trematoda - parasitic

Common ancestor

Mollusca - soft-bodied - foot, visceral mass, mantle - coelomates - organ systems

Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria) Bivalvia - two-part shell

Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) Cephalopoda - reduced or absent shell (except nautilus) - closed circulatory system

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) Gastropoda

Common Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) Annelida - segmented worms - closed circulatory system - complete digestive tract

Ecdysozoa - metamorphosis (most) - ecdysis

Anthropoda - "jointed foot" - segmented - exoskeleton made of chitin - complete digestive tract - open circulatory system

Pancrustaceans

Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Hexapoda - six legs - insects - many have wings (crucial to their success as a group) - head, thorax, abdomen

Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Crustaceans - cephalothorax

Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans) Chelicerates - cephalothorax and abdomen - 4 pairs of walking legs, pedipalps, and chelicerae

Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans) Nematodoa - free-living and parasitic - cuticle - pseudocoelom - complete digestive tract

Fungi - multicellularity - absorptive heterotroph - cell wall - zygotic life cycle

slime molds Amebozoa - movement with pseudopodia

SAR clade

Rhizaria - filose pseudopodia

radiolarians

foraminiferas

dinoflagellates Alveolata - membranous vesicles on cell membrane - secondary plastids

Stramenopila - tripartite flagellar hair - secondary plastids

diatoms

giant kelp

Excavata - feeding groove - secondary plastids

Fly Agaric

euglenoids

Archaeplastida - primary plastids

Plants

Angiosperms - pollen - seed - fruit - flowers - endosperm - heterospory - wood - ovules - ovaries

Gymnosperms - pollen - seed - heterospory - wood - ovules

Monilophytes - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia - lignin - xylem and phloem - megaphylls - dominant sporophyte generation - thick waxy cuticle - stomata

Lycophytes - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia - lignin - xylem and phloem - leaves (lycophylls) - dominant sporophyte generation - thick waxy cuticle - stomata

Hornworts - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia

Mosses - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia

Liverworts - sporic life cycle - embryo - desiccation resistant spores - apical meristems - gametangia - sporangia

Charophytes

Common Ancestor

chlorophytes

rhodophytes

Methanobrevibacter smithii Archaea - ether bonds in cell membrane

Escherichia Coli Bacteria - presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall