Analytical Chemistry

Hydrogen: Put a lighted Splint in a test tube. outcome: Squeaky pop.Oxygen : Put a glowing Splint into a Test Tube. outcome: Relight the glow.Carbon Dioxide : 1. Lime water test. Outcome: Limewater turn milky White and should bubble. 2. Lightes splint put in a test tube. Outcome: The lighted splint goes out.Ammonia : Damp,Red Litmus paper is put in a test tube. Outcome: Red Litmus Paper turns Blue.Chlorine: Blue/Red litmus Paper in test tube. Outcome: red/ blue Litmus paper turns red and then bleaches it white.

Cation Result of adding sodium hydroxide solution -copper(II) pale blue precipitate -iron(II) dirty green precipitate -iron(III) rusty brown precipitate -aluminium white precipitate which dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide -magnesium white precipitate -calcium white precipitate Cation Colour of flame test lithium: red (scarlet) sodium: bright yellow potassium: lilac barium: apple green calcium: brick red Symbol NameZn 2+ ZincNa + SodiumK+ PotassiumLi+ LithiumCa 2+ CalciumMg 2+ MagnesiumFe 2+ Iron (II)Fe 3+ Iron (III)Cu 2+ Copper (II)NH4 + AmmoniumAL 3+ Aluinium

Anion Test chloride Dissolve in dilute nitric acid, then a white precipitate forms with silver nitrate solution. (The precipitate dissolves in dilute ammonia solution.) bromide Dissolve in dilute nitric acid, then a cream precipitate forms with silver nitrate solution. (The precipitate is insoluble in dilute ammonia solution, but will dissolve in concentrated ammonia solution) iodide Dissolve in dilute nitric acid, then a pale yellow precipitate forms with silver nitrate solution. (The precipitate is insoluble in dilute and concentrated ammonia solution) sulfate Dissolve in dilute nitric acid, then a white precipitate forms with barium chloride solution. nitrate Add sodium hydroxide solution and warm with powdered aluminium, then test the gas given off (ammonia) with damp red litmus paper, which turns blue. carbonate Add dilute acid, then pass the carbon dioxide gas through limewater, which turns milky (cloudy). Symbol Name OH- Hydroxide Cl- Chloride Br- Bromide I- Iodide O2- Oxide N- Nitride S2- SulphideNo3- Nitrate So 2- Sulphate 4 Co 2- Carbonate 3

Extra Information.How do we now if the element is a cation--> testing for a cationhttp://www.absorblearning.com/chemistry/demo/units/LR1106.html#Summaryto test for a cation we use the flame test...Cation Colour of flame test lithium: red (scarlet) sodium: bright yellow potassium: lilac barium: apple green calcium: brick red

Most of the tests for negative ions, called Anions are negatively charged ions (so called because they are attracted to the anode – the positive electrode – during electrolysis).anions, rely on precipitation reactions. Examples include testing for halide ions (e.g. chloride, bromide, iodide), which are formed by the halogen elements ( GroupGroups are the vertical columns in the Periodic Table, consisting of elements with similar properties (chemical 'families').Group 7 in the Periodic TableThe Periodic Table is a table listing the elements in order of atomic number, arranged so that similar elements appear in columns.Periodic Table). Look at the experiments below:What are they?how do you know if the element is a anion?-----> testing for a anionhttp://www.absorblearning.com/chemistry/demo/units/LR1106.html#SummaryAcid + Metal Carbonate -> Metal Salt + water + Carbon Dioxide.testing for carbonate (CO 2 -) , hydrogencarbonates (HCO -) : 3 3 sodium carbonate + nitric acid = sodium nitrate + water + carbon dioxideNa CO + 2HNO --> 2NANO + H O + CO 2 3(s) 3 (aq) 3 (aq) 2 (l) 2 (g) Testing for SulphateSO 2 - : 4sodium suphate + barium chloride --> Barium Sulphate + Sodium chloride Na SO + BaCl --> BaSO + Nacl (aq) 2 4(aq) 2(aq) 4 (aq)Testing for Chlorides(Cl-), bromides(Br-), iodides(I-) :Sodium Chloride + Silver Nitrate --> Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate Na So + BaCl --> BaSo + NaCl 2 4(aq) 2(aq) 4 (aq) (aq)

Fill your burette with hydrochloric acidMeasure out 25ml of sodium hydroxide with a measuring cylinder Add a squirt of phenol phthalein indicator (colourless in acid - pink in alkali)Titrate the acid into the alkali. When the pink colour first disappears, neutralisation has occurred.When you finish, wash the used acid and alkali down the sink and rinse the burette as shown before. Carefully leave it back in it's rack.

Anion Present:Sodium Carbonate: Turns Lime water Milky white.Sodium Sulphate: White.Sodium Chloride: White.Potassium Iodide:YellowPotassium Bromide: CreamNitric acid is used to to test for Carbonate.Silver Nitrate is used to check if there is Bormide, Chloride or Iodide is in the substance.

Burette is the most precise equipment to measure Volume. This is because it has many more decimals, to make it even precise for example. If 11.55 is more precise than 11.5 which is more precise than 11.

Acid + Base ---> Salt + WaterAcid + Alkali ---> Salt + WaterAcid + Metal ---> Salt + HydrogenAcid + Carbonate ---> Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

CationIron 2+ Fe 2+ Dirty GreenIront 3+ Fe 3+ Rusty BrownAmmonium NH + Clear (litmus test) 4Aluminuim Al 3+ WhiteCopper 2+ Cu 2+ Light BlueCalcium 2+ Ca 2+ WhiteMagnesium Mg 2+ WhiteTo identify Aluminium, Calcium and Magnesium which all makes white precipitate.-----> flame Test-----> Almuinium is the only substance which can dissolve in Sodium Hydroxide.You can check If a substance is ammonium is the red litmus paper turns blue.

Titration Techniques.Fill the burette·Never lift chemicals above your head·The burette needs to be vertical·Make sure the tap is closed·Use a filter funnel to help·Overfill and then adjust volume to 0.00mlRead the buretteRead at eye level; the bottom of the meniscusRead the scale to half a division e.g. 1.10ml or 1.15mlWhat volume? (the titre)Run the burette solution into the flask. Swirl the flask continuously.The first stable colour change is the end-pointDo repeats. Use the first titration to find the range of acid volume needed to neutralise the alkali.Your second titration should be done dropwise to increase the accuracy of your readings