theory of mind

Piaget

TOM similar to concept egocentrism

Three mountains task:
construct display from dolls point of view

P thought children could only change pespective at around 7

Donalson: believes P findings due to
cognitive factors i.e. understanding language

Hughes: 90% of children 3-5 could hide the doll from the policeman

Premack&Woodruff

Chimpaznzees have TOM

but could only be assotiation

Dennet thouht this is not proof

Sally / Anne task

x secretly changing the location while y left the room.

indication of understanding of s.o holdinga a false belief

Maxi task

Wimmer & Perner

>3 not successfull 4-5 50% 6-9 100%

sugg: start at 4y

Avis+Harris

Simmilar findings with BAKA tribe

Deceptive Box test

Gopnik

What did you think was in the box

children < 4 said pencils

parallel TOM and TOOM

Second order TOM

Sullyvan et al

sugg: joke and lie are differentiated but requires understanding knowledge or ignorance of facts not of their beliefs

second order false belief develops at about 7

helps undertanding where others beliefs come from

- done a good job finishing peas
- done a good job cleaning room

Enhanced social interation

Good

Askington

a) joint proposal corr- with TOM

b) Longditud: TOM predictor of Joint proposal

Bad

Sutton et al

Bullies better TOM vs. victims

Envrionment

siblings, mothres

Askington

no of siblings, and language ability

suggestive generlly of social interaction important for dev of TOM + vigotsky

sugg. language helps to decenter and think about the mind

Others

mind mindedness, age, interaction with adutlts

cognitve

joint attention

Charman

joint attention better predictior of TOM vs. pretend play or imitation

sugg. more successfull: communication about mental states not objects

intentions

Meltzoff

understanding others intentions

18 m complete task of failing human but not machine

sugg. early understanind by children learn that humas have pychological states like intentions but machines don't

Behaviour and Talk

language

Wellmann

3 vs. 5 more investigating mental state terms

sugg: understanding of othres desiers comes before beliefs

Gopnik

Can you give me some

14m: not 18 m: yes

sugg early uderstanding of desire

Woolfe

Early signing in deaf better than late signing

sugg: language enances tom