Enzymes
Structure and function
The structure often plays a role in the function of the object. They are made in a way that helps with the function.
In Metabolism, the Mitochondria has folds in the intermembrane called cristae, which increase surface area for chemical reactions.
The Kreb cycle, in which ATP is made inside the mitochodria.
2 pyruvate and NADH are sent from cytoplasm to mitochondria through active transport
it goes under pyruvate oxidation, in which we end up with 2 NAD+ reduced to NADH
Acetyl CoA is made, this is also called the citric cycle because it makes citric acid
Metabolism
all chemical reactions in living organisms, it's how we make energy
thermodynamics
energy transformations
potential energy
chemical transformation
energy transformation
photosynthesis
when plants use oxygen water and sunlight to create energy in the form of sugar
light dependant
Subtopic
the ETC
is an electron transport chain that carriers electrons from complexes to acceptors by redox reactions
electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2
hydrogen atoms are transported across membrane
glycolysis
energy transformations
chemical transformations
In Molecular genetics, each mRNA codon has a complementary tRNA codon that fits perfectly with the mRNA. Only those two cat fit.
Molecular genetics
Molecular genetics is looking at the structure of DNA, the process of DNA replication, protein synthesis, which enzymes help and how the structure if changes will cause a mutation
a lagging strand
leading starnd
everything is in the direction of the replication
DNA replication
an enzyme called helicase starts unwinding the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bond between the complementary base pairs. As the strands separate they form a Y shape which is the replication fork
then topoisomerase relieves tension in the DNA strands to untangle the strands
we have single stranded binding proteins which keep the two strands from annealing by stabilizing the strand.
RNA primase beings the replication process by building small complementary RNA segments at the beginning of the replication fork
DNA polymerase lll starts adding DNA nucleotides to the RNA primers.
DNA polymerase removes RNA nucleotide one at a time and then ligase acts as glue and catalyzes the reaction to put everything together
Protein synthesis
transcription
it means to make a copy of the information
transalation
it means to translate it into a language we understand
Subtopic
DNA has the structure of two strands. This helps with the function of cell division when the helix splits in half.
In the nephron, the glomerulus is knotted and this is to increase pressure, helping the filtration
Cell transportation
the movement of substances through a cell membrane, either into or out of the cell
Osmosis. The movement of a solvent through a selectivly permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concetration.
Subtopic
In Homeostasis, in the Urinary system, the proximal tubule has cell transport or diffusion. There are microvilli that diffuse nutrients such as salt and glucose into the bloodtsream.
Homeostasis. Is a state where your body has a balance between you pyshcila and chemical conditions.
Urinary system
The urinary system gets rid of metabolic waste, regulates blood pH, blood pressure and osmoregulation
Kidney
Your kidney is where the urea is filtered and turned into urine, a less toxic chemical.
medulla
the inner layer found beneath the cortex
are millions of nephrons
nephrons are a structure that is responsible for the filtering of blood and removing nutrients from pee and excreting waste.
Filtration
The glomerulus has blood enter. The glomerulus walls are impermeable to large particles. Much of the nutrients and water need to be reabsorbed. It passes to bowman's capsule.
Reabsorption
The filtrate moves to the proximal tubule. The tubule has microvili on the walls to absorb all nutrients such as salst and proteins and water back into our bloodstream.
the glomerulus
bowmans capsule
cortex
Outer layer
renal pelvis
It is hollow and connects the kidney to the ureters
urea is too toxic for our bodies to keep, which is why we change it into uric acid, which is still bad but better the=an urea
Ureter
Bladder
Your bladder hold your pee/urine
Urethra
Endocrine system
Nervous system
Cell membrane
Cell membranes are made of phospholipids with a polar head and a non polar hydrophobic tail.
Biochemistry
the molecular structure of molecules and how that relates to function
lipids
used as a source of energy when your glucose is low and are used for long term storage
insulation, protection for internal organs, is what forms the organlles and cell membranes
Fat
consists of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains
monounsaturated, saturated or polystaurated, they also have a kink
Phospholipids
glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
a polar hydrophilic head
a micelle shape, with polar heads facing out and non polar tails facing in
a non polar hydrophobic tail
steroid
carbon skeleton 4 interconnected rings
Chloesterol
wax
carbohydrates
carbon and water
monosaccharide
one sugar
for ATP, the glucose and for building ceellulose walls
hydrophilic, polar due to a hydroxly group and has a sweet taste
disaccharide
contains 2 monosaccharides
polysaccharide
more than two joined together
starch
glycogen
proteins