Genetics unit 1

CoDominance

The instance where both traits from parents are showed. (I.e. Black and white spots on a bunny)

Incomplete Dominance

The instance where neither of the parents alleles/traits are expressed in the offspring (i.e. White rose from two pink ones.

AMNIOCENTESIS

When doctors take Amniotic fluid that surounds the baby, from 15-18 weeks of pregenancy, to detect anything wrong with the baby. This is usally performed if:
The baby Had an abnormal ultrasound or blood test suggesting a birth defect
The mother has a History of birth defects
Had a child/pregnancy with a birth defect
woman who is 35 years and older

CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING

In this case the doctors take a thin plastic the, pass it through the uterus and grab a sample of the placenta to see if there is anything wrong with the baby. Usually offered from the span of 10-14 weeks of pregnancy to women over 35 and the risks include:
5% risk of a miscarriage
Spotting/cramping after the procedure
Extremely rare risk of infection

NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY SCREENING

Nothing will be inserted into the mother, it is just an ultrasounds but results may differ from those of the first two

GENETIC COUNSELLING

Just talking to a councelor before having a baby. Talks about risks and all sorts of other things based on the history of family.

Monohybrid

A cross between two species with homozygous or heterozygous genotype in which they cross and form 4 possible offsprings.
Can determine things like fur colours, but this is all based of which is dominant because that always wins (unless its a recessive trait)

dyhybrid

Same of monohybrid but just with two different traits instead of just one

DNA

-Everyone is 99.9% similar to one another with DNA
-DNA is the structure of proteins and they have the final word for everything meaning they are the last of the last when it comes to you being you in your body
-In a Double Helix, ladder like structure
-DNA is made up of lots of things called nucleotide which is made up of a
->Phosphate group
->Pentose sugar
->Nitrogenous base
-Now going further, the nitrogenous bases and found in four different forms, adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
-A goes with T and G goes with C
-these together form DNA codes

RNA

RNA is different from DNA in three different ways
Single stranded vs. double stranded
Ribose sugar vs. deoxyribose
Contains URACIL(U) vs. of thymine (T)

Meiosis

-Two cycles of IPMAT
-4 Daughter cells produces
-46 original chromosomes to begin with
-Used for reproduction because it does indeed produce sex cells
-Gametic cells(sex cells)
-Unlike mitosis, no clone cells are produces because it is not repairing anything in the cases
-Some things that make meiosis what it is are thingS like crossing over of the DNA which is from each of the parents cells which includes their DNA, mutations and independent assortment

Mitosis

-Only one cycle
-IPMAT
-Replicates chromosomes from a single cell and divides them into two identical daughter cells
-Used for places like our skin and liver so that all cells are identical to one another
-Also allows the plants to mass produce leaves with the same cells
-Somatic(body cells)
-Replication occurs in Interphase and also there is a starting amount of 46 chromosomes

Biodiversity

Essential for how the world works for the fact it gives us necessities like food, water and clean air

Important for ecosystems and life on planet earth

A lot of human effects on our earth and ecosystems as we produce more and more pollution on a daily basis

Pollution: CO2 and green house gases are emitted into our atmosphere which is trapping heat from the sun that is reflected by our earth

Deforestation: cutting trees, damaging and detrosying ecosystems on this planet. Causing less co2 to be absorbed

Desertification: The deserts are rapidly expanding causing severe droughts and is causing ecosystems to change or damaged

Overharvesting: Pushing limits of searching for food and water which is again, hurting our planet

Invasive species: Fish that dont belong in bodies of water to bugs in certain arenas, invasive species are disrupting food chains and are killing mainy things like crops and species

The evolution of Eukaryotic cells

Billions upon billions of years ago there was only the cell of prokaryotes

These prokaryotic cells started to die off as the oxygen levels of the earth began to rise

Many of the prokaryotic cell groups actually adapted

Endosymbiotic Theory

Popularized by Lynn Sagan in the year 1967, the endosymbiotic theory states that billions of years ago, prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cells in which actually formed and created eukaryotic cells

Evidence to prove the theory

They reproduce similarly

They have similar insides of the membrane

Both have similar DNA and ribosomes that show

Cells

Prokaryotic

No Membrane bound organelles

Can cause many sickness'

Very old and historical cell

Cannot produce sexually, only asexually

DNA is in a form of a circle

Eukaryotic

Have Membrane bound organelles

Can not only reproduce sexually but asexually aswell

DNA is linear meaning it is full with chromosomes

The Characteristics of Living things

All are composed of cells

Different levels of organization

For growth and maintenance, they use energy from proteins and nutrients

Able to respond to an evironnement

Able to reproduce

Able to grow

Able to adapt to an environnement

Viruses

A virus is a non living genetical structure that attacks parts of your body and breaks them down

Reproduction

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

Structure

Made of DNA, Capsid and tailfiber

Antibiotic resistance

This can be caused by the use of drugs in the wrong way where it is harmful. Can be avoided and prevented by using the proper precautions like staying clean

Classifying life

Dichotomous Keys

Yes or no questions to be able to give the reader an easy answer to their organism at hand

Taxonamy

A table that shows the most broad to specific details of an organism

Kingdoms

Domains