MAT.116
1.1 - 1.3

All rational and all irrational numbers taken together as a single set.Any value you can find on a number line.

Numbers of the form a/b where a and b are integers and b is not zero.Decimal expansions are either terminating or repeating nonterminating.

{ . . . , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }

{ 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }

{ 1, 2, 3, . . . }

Numbers that cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers.Decimal expansions are nonterminating, nonrepeating.

A (usually) horizontal straight line.One point represents the number 0, or the origin.A number to the right of 0 represents positive 1.The distance between 0 and 1 sets a scale.Points representing positive numbers lie an appropriate distance to the right of 0.Points representing negative numbers lie an appropriate distance to the left of 0.For every real number there is exactly one corresponding point on the number line (one-to-one correspondence).

Commutative LawAssociative LawIdentity LawInverse LawIn the text, see Table 2.

Commutative LawAssociative LawIdentity LawInverse LawIn the text, see Table 2.

In the text, see Table 2.

In the text, see Table 3.

In the text, see Table 4.

In the text, see Table 5.

Expressing a polynomial as a product of two (or more) polynomials, each of lesser degree than the original polynomial.A polynomial is completely factored (over the set of integers) if it is expressed as a product of prime polynomials with integral coefficients.NOTE: The text's author has chosen to limit factoring to the set of integers. It is also possible, though considerably more difficult, to factor over the set of rational numbers, or even over the set of real numbers.

The first step whenever factoring a polynomial is to factor out the greatest common factor from all of the terms.

Difference of Two SquaresPefect Square TrinomialIn the text, see Table 7.Don't worry about the cube formulas.

For quadratic polynomials of the form x^2 + bx + c, where b is not 0, we can factor by finding two factors for c which sum to b.

For quadratic polynomials of the form x^2 + bx + c, where b is not 0, we can factor by finding two factors for c which sum to b.

For quadratic polynomials of the form ax^2 + bx + c, where a and b are not 0, we can factor using a trial-and-error method.First, choose an integer factorization for the leading coefficient a. For example, let pq = a be such a factorization.Then, if our factorization of a is correct, we know that the factored form must look like (px + r)(qx + s), where rs = c. We try different values for r and s to see if we can find a combination, along with p and q, that end up giving b for the coefficient of the middle term.If no such combination of r and s can be found, we choose a different factorization for the leading coefficient a and repeat the process.If, after trying all possible combinations of p and q values with all possible combinations of r and s values a factorization is never found, it can be stated that the polynomial is prime (over the integers).

Sometimes when a polynomial has four terms it is possible to factor the terms in pairs and find a common factor to each pair. Then the distributive law can be used to finish the factoring process.

There is a more mechanical method that can be used in place of the trial-and-error method for quadratic polynomials with leading coefficient not 1 and linear coefficient not 0.There are also graphical techniques for finding factorizations. These involve treating the polynomial as a function, graphing it, and looking for the zeros of the function (also known as the x-intercepts or roots).

If a is a real number and n is a natural number, thena^n = a*a*a* . . . *a.The natural number n is called the exponent and the real number a is called the base.

a^m * a^n = a^(m+n)

A polynomial in x is an expression of the forma_n*x^n + a_(n-1)*x^(n-1) + . . . + a_1*x + a_0where n is a nonnegative integer (whole number) and a_0, a_1, . . . , a_n are real numbers with a_n not zero.

variabledomain of the variableconstantalgebraic expressionstermscoefficientsleading coefficientdegreemonomialbinomialtrinomialconstant polynomialzero polynomialdegree of a termdegree of the polynomial

First remove parentheses and then combine like terms.Write the result in order of decreasing degree from left to right.

May require multiple uses of the distributive law.

In the text, see Table 6.

GEMDASGEMDAS