Noun Plurals

Nouns ending in -ch, -s, -sh,
-x, or -z

If the noun ends with -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z,
add -es to form the plural

Church - churches

bus - buses

fox - foxes

But if the -ch ending is pronounsed with a `k`
sound, you add -s rather than -es

stomach - stomachs

epoch - epochs

Nouns ending in -o

Nouns ending in -o can add either -s or -es
in the plurals, and some can be spelled either way.

As a general rule,
most nouns ending in -o
add -s to make the plural

Solo - solos

avocado - avocados

Those witch have a vowel
before the final -o
always just add -s

studio - studios

zoo - zoos

There are some common nouns
ending in -o that can be spelled with
either -s or -es in the plural

banjo - banjos or banjoes

cargo - cargo or cargoes

flamingo - flamingos or flamingoes

ghetto - ghettos or ghettoes

halo - halos or haloes

mango - mangos or mangoes

Some nouns have the same
singular and plural form

one sheep - two sheep

a deer - two deer

a moose - five moose

a swine - several swine

a fish - two fish

a salmon - several salmon

a dozen - six dozen

a species - different species

an alms - alms

Nouns ending in -y

If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y,
make the plural by changing -y to -ies

Berry - berries

activity - activities

daisy - dasies

Nouns ending in -f or -fe

If a nouns ends in -f or -fe, witch is precede
by a consonant or a single vowel change
the -f or -fe to -ves

Knife - knives

half - halves

scarf - scarves

wife - wives

thief - thieves

Nouns witch end in two vowels plus -f usually
form plurals with just an -s

Chief - chiefs

spoof - spoofs

Irregular Plural Forms

Some nouns form their plural not by adding
the ending -s/-es, but by changing the letters
in the root of the word.

man - men

woman - women

child - children

ox - oxen

mouse - mice

louse - lice

tooth - teeth