Personality Approaches

Freud believed that feelings of anxiety result from the ego’s inability to mediate the conflict between the id and superego. When this happens, Freud believed that the ego seeks to restore balance through various protective measures known as defense mechanisms.

Projection: Attributing unacceptable desires to others

Chris often cheats on her boyfriend because she suspects he is already cheating on her.

Rationalization: Justifying behaviours by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons

Kim failed history course because he did not study or attend class, but he told his roommates that he failed because the professor didn´t like him.

Reaction Formation: Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contary to your own beliefs

Nadia is angry with her coworker Beth for always arriving late to work after a night of partying, but she is nice and agreeableto Beth and affirms the partying as "cool".

Regression: Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

After failing to pass his doctoral examinations, Giorgio spends days in bed cuddling his favorite childhood toy.

Repression: Supressing painful memories and thoughts

LaShea cannot remember her grandfather´s fatal heart attack, although she was present.

Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

Jerome´s desire for revange on the druk driver who killed his son is channeled into community support group for people who´ve lost loved ones to drunk driving.

Freud´s Stages Of Psychosexual Development

Oral (0-1) years

Erogenous Zone: Mouth

Major Conflict: Weaning off breast or bottle

Aduly Fixation Examlpe: Smoking, overeating

Anal (1-3) years

Erogenous Zone: Anus

Major Conflict: Toilet training

Aduly Fixation Examlpe: Neatness, messiness

Phallic (3-6) years

Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Major Conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex

Aduly Fixation Examlpe: Vanity, overambition

Latency (6-12) years

Erogenous Zone: None

Major Conflict: None

Aduly Fixation Examlpe: None

Genital (12+) years

Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Major Conflict: None

Aduly Fixation Examlpe: None

Horney believed that a children’s development can be stuck by their experiences, isolation and loneliness.

Also believes that this copies are the way persons deal with problems, its a simple formulathat predicts how you are going to behave as an adultdepending on how you are as a child. This behaviours depend a lot on the environment, mostly from family, the atmosphere of a family intervines a lot on a person behaviour since baby, that’s why is important to know how to correct your child since he is a baby

Her theories focus on the role of unconscious anxiety

Horney’s three coping styles

Moving toward people

Description: Affiliation and dependence

Example: Children become more dependent on their parents, theyreceive attention and what theywant and in that way they they have a feeling of relieffrom anxiety

Moving against peoplec

Description: Aggression and manipulation

Example: Children tend to be more aggressive,by fighting or bullying other kids, thereason is because for them when they have issues orthey are unhappy at home or with theirparents, they have these actions, for them it’s thebest way to deal with it.

Moving away from people

Description: Detachment and isolation

Example: They center on the isolation and everything that involvesbeing alone, they manage theiranxiety by keeping everything for themselves, theyavoid problems by having their ownprivacy

The collective unconscious is a universal version of the personal unconscious it holds mental patterns or memory traces. Archetypes are ancestral memories and they can be represented in different types of things.

Jung believed that people can bet introvert and extrovert some characteristics are:

Introverts

Speaks slowly and softly, thinks before speaking, avoids attention, cautious, etc.

Extroverts

Jumps from topic to topic, acts first thinks later, thinks out loud, seeks attention, etc.

Persona is a mask that we create from our conscious experiences and our collective unconscious. The purpose of it is a compromise between who we really are and what society expects us to be.

Subtoproposed a psychosocial theory of development, suggesting that an individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan (a departure from Freud’s view that personality is fixed in early life). The development of a healthy personality and a sense of competence depend on the successful completion of each task. ic

Las 8 etapas psicológicas

La etapa 1 es de 0 a 1 año

Se llama la etapa de confianza/ desconfianza porque aquí se desarrolla una confianza con los que los rodea como su madre y en sus necesidades básicas, conociéndolas. Es entre lo conocido y lo que desconoce.

La etapa 2 es de 1 a 3 años

Se llama autonomía/vergüenza y duda, esta es la etapa en la que comienzan a hacer cosas por si mismo, cómo comer con sus manos, desarrolla su voluntad y la determinación pero también su impulsividad al querer conocer nuevas cosas o en su interacción con el entorno.

La etapa 3 se ubica en los 3 a 6 años

Esta se llama iniciativa/culpa y se llama así porque en estas edades toman la iniciativa de hacer actividades como dibujar pero también desarrollan culpa por sus acciones en especial cuando los padres le Incan entre lo que es correcto o no.

La etapa 4 se ubica de los 7 a 11 años

Laboriosidad/ inferioridad: Se desarrolla confianza en sus propias habilidades y también la competencia con los demás y haciendo comparaciones con los mismos.

La etapa 5 se ubica de los 12 a 18 años

Identity vs confusion: In this stage you start to develop your roles and identity, you're now more independent and you define your personality, this search can also lead to confusion and you can feel alienated or lost.

La etapa 6 se ubica de los 19 a 29años

Intimacy vs isolation: Here after you have your role and personality developed, also after leaving your parents or old relationships behind, you now try to establish your long term relationships in your independent life, they can be friendships or romantic, if you don't find it you can feel extreme isolation, and it may lead to depression.

La etapa 7 se ubica de los 30 a 64 años

Generativity vs stagnation: After you have established your personal life, now you will play a part in society and build your legacy, your role is to act all that you have learned throughout years of experience, if this doesn't happen you can keep with stagnation and feel like a loser.

La etapa 8 se ubica de los 65 años en adelante

Integrity vs despair: After you have lived a full adult life and now you're entering your elderly years, you may be aware of your contributions and legacy, you are now experiencing that legacy, but if you didn't really filled the glass, you may feel desperate, depressive and feeling you have wasted your life.

Complejo de inferioridad.

Se refiere a los sentimientos de una persona sobre que carece de valor y no está a la altura de los estándares de la sociedad o de otros

Adler lo considera como universal en el hombre, osea que todos lo experimentamos en algún momento cuando éramos pequeños y nacimos donde fuimos vulnerables.

Ejemplo muy básico: El niño se siente inferior por el mero hecho de ser pequeño y sentirse desamparado.

Conexiones sociales

Adler también creía en la importancia de las conexiones sociales, al ver que el desarrollo infantil surgía a través del desarrollo social en lugar de las etapas sexuales descritas por Freud. Adler señaló la interrelación de la humanidad y la necesidad de trabajar juntos para el mejoramiento de todos.

Las 3 tareas sociales fundamentales

Tarea ocupacional (carrera)

Tarea social (amistad)

La tarea amorosa (encontrar una pareja íntima para una relación a largo plazo) “procrear”

El orden de nacimiento

Básicamente a lo que se refiere es que dependiendo de el orden en cuando nazcasinfluirá en tu personalidad.

Ejemplo: Si eres el hermano de en medio como no eres ni el mayor ni el menor, nunca eres el primero que se equivoca en la vida ni el último lo que te dará más posibilidades de equivocarte y por ende serás más libre y más independiente.

We learn to behave in particular ways. We increase the behaviors that lead to positive consequences, and we decrease the behaviors that lead to negative consequences.

Personality develops over our entire life, not only in the first few years. Our responses can change as we come across new situations; therefore,we can expect more variability over time in personality than Freud would anticipate.

The things we experience and our environment are the drivers of how we act.

Skinner proposed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns because we have developed certain response tendenciesc

Social cognitive perspective

Bandura presentó una teoría social cognitiva de lapersonalidad queenfatiza tanto el aprendizaje como la cognición.El determinismo recíproco, aprendizaje observacionaly autoeficaciajuegan un papel en el desarrollo de la personalidad.Reciprocal Determinism

Reciprocal Determinism

El Determinismo recíproco afirmaque el comportamientode unapersona influye y es influenciado por factores personalesy el entornosocial, el cognitive factor se refiere a todo lo queya hemos aprendidocómo nuestras creencias o expectativas, behavior hablaque todo lo quehagamos podríamos ser recompensados o castigados yel situacionalfactors que se refiere al ambiente o la situacióncuando el

Observational Learning

Aprendemos observando el comportamiento de las personasque nosrodean y esto influye en el desarrollo de nuestrapersonalidad.Bandurarealizaunacontribuciónclavealateoríadelaprendizajediciendo que gran parte del aprendizaje es vicario.

Self Efficacy

Nivel de confianza en nuestras propiashabilidadesdesarrolladas a través de nuestra experiencia social.

High self-efficacy

Positivos en los retos, metasa su alcance,recuperan de sus caídas rápidamente.

Low self-efficacy

Evitan los retos, se enfocan enlo que puedesalir mal, pierden confianza cada vez que hacen algomal.

Investiga las 3 fuerzas de la psicología

Psicoanálisis

El psicoanálisis es una teoría sobre los procesos psíquicos inconscientes, que presenta una concepción ampliada de la sexualidad, de sus relaciones con el acontecer psíquico y su reflejo en lo sociocultural.

Conductismo

El conductismo, el análisis experimental del comportamiento y la ingeniería del comportamiento, en el campo de la terapia como de la modificación de conducta.

Humanismo

Surgió como reacción al conductismo y al psicoanálisis, dos teorías con planteamientos opuestos en muchos sentidos pero que predominaban en ese momento además de que también surge por la segunda guerra mundial.

Added that for a person to "grow", they need an environmen that provides them with genuineness
(openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood).

Rogers identified five characteristics of the fullyfunctioning person:

1. Open to experience

Both positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not denied, but worked through (rather than resorting to ego defense mechanisms).

2. Existential living

In touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, not always looking back to the past or forward to the future (i.e., living for the moment)

3. Trust feelings

Feeling, instincts, and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s own decisions are the right ones, and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices.

4. Creativity

Creative thinking and risk-taking are features of a person’s life. A person does not play safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences.

5. Fulfilled life

A person is happy and satisfied with life, and always looking for new challenges and experiences.

Humanistic approaches offer a new set of values for approaching an understanding of human nature and the human condition, an expanded horizon of methods of inquiry in the study of human behavior and a broader range of more effective methods in the professional practiceof psychotherapy.

Behavioral genetics study: 1979 to 1999 350 pairs of twins were separated and raised un a ware of their siblings.

RESULTS: IDENTICAL TWINS HAVE VERY SIMILAR PERSONALITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS WEATHER THEY WERE RAISED TOGETHER OR APART.

TEMPERAMENTS: Start developing early in our lives and there are three types, (easy,dicult and slow to warm up) to identify it when we’re babies.

Ectomorphs

Are thin with very low mass of fat on their bodies.

Anxious, Self Conscious, Artistic, Thoughtful, Quiet, Private, Antisocial

Endomorphs

Are larger, with bigger bone structures and extra fat on their bodies.

Relaxed, Comfortable, Humorous, Even tempered, Social, Tolerant, Aectionate

Endomorphs

Are larger, with well defined muscles, narrow waist and strong bodies.

Adventurous, Assertive, Competitive, Fearless, Curious, Obnoxious, Aggressive

Oppenness (Imagination, feelings, actions, ideas)

Low Score

Practical, conventional, prefers routine

High Score

Curious, wide range of interests, independent

Conscientiousness (Competence, self-deiscipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven)

Low Score

Impulsive, careless, disorganized

High Score

Hardworking, dependable, organized

Extrovertion (Sociability, assertivness, emotional expression)

Low Score

Quiet, reserved, withdrawn

High Score

Outgoing, warm, seeks adventure

Agreeableness (Cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured)

Low Score

Critical, uncooperative, suspicious

High Score

Helpeful, trusting, empathetic

Neuroticism (Tendecy toward unstable emotions)

Low Score

Calm, even-tempered, secure

High Score

Anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions

There are three approaches that can be used to study the personality in a cultural context

The Cultural-Comparative Approach

Seeks to prove western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine if they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity.

The Indigenous Approach

That arose as a reaction to the domain of Western approaches for the study of personality in non-western environments.

The Combined Approach.

Which serves as a bridge between western and indigenous psychology as a way of understanding the universal and cultural variations of personality.