Civil Rights

Brown v. Board of Education

The five cases addressed issues in segregation in public schools. The case was defended by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP.

The Attorney General ruled in their favor and ordered attorney generals of all states with laws to protect the desegregation process.

The Jim Crow era consisted of "separate but equal" laws. This included transportation, restaurants, and schools.

Miranda v. Arizona

The Supreme Court’s decision included four cases included four cases involving custodial interrogations. In these cases the defendant was interrogated by police and detectives in a private, secluded space.

In none of the cases was the defendant warned of their rights of the interrogation process.

The court decided that a defendant must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent.

14th Amendment

Negated the 3/5 agreement stating that all people in state should be counted for the representation of congress. This provided protection for males to vote( over the age of 21).

After the emanicipation proclamation, granted equal rights to all citizens. Granted citizens ship to millions of former enslaved citizens. The most important aspect granted was the "right of equal protection" for all American citizens.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

In 1965, congress passed the act to declare for every citizen the right to vote. Federal examners were placed in polling communities to assist the new voters with registration and their right to vote.

Many states denied Black people the right to vote, despite the 15th and 19th amendment. Some people thought that change was not good and looked to violence to interfere with voting of black people, including: poll taxes and literacy testing.