SBI3C

Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cells Molecules Atoms

The basic unit of life. Caractheristics of life. ReproduceGrowExchange gasesEvolution Respond to the environmentTake in food/Produce wasteCell theory Janseen: 1st compund microscope- 1595.Hooke: 1st to decribe cells.Van leeuwenhoek: 1st to observe living cells. All living things are compose of one or more cells. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. All cells arive from the division of other cells.

Main cellular functionsCellular RespirationDigestionProtein Synthesis

Transfer or chemical energy (glucose) into ATP. ATP is a high energy molecule that gives us usable energy.Two typesAerobic (with oxygen)Anaerobic (without oxygen)

The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration.Most atp is made here which is why it is called the powerhouse of the cell. Reaction which makes atp occur in the matrix and cristae on the mitochondria.

Outer membrane: Protects the mitochondria Inner membrane: Contains proteins that function to make atp.Cristae: Infolded parts of inner membrane , increase the area available.Matrix: Contains proteins and Mitochndria DNA.

Takes place in the lysosomes. It helps break down cellular waste products , broken cell organelles, bacteria.

Lysosomes are very numerous in leukocytes (white blood cells) which fight off diseases and viruses

Lysosomes also break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins into simple compoundsThese compounds are then returned to the cytoplasm to be used by the cell Lysosomes use enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum which are modified in the Golgi apparatusLysosomes bud off of the Golgi apparatus

the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid.

an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells, mainly classified as primary or secondary, based on how energy is coupled to fuel these mechanisms.

Cell eating

Pseudopods – fingerlike projections sent out bycell membrane that enclose particle

Cell drinking

There's three types.Simple difussion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis

a very large organicmolecule containing many carbon.1. Carbohydrates (sugars)‏2. Lipids (fats)‏3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)‏

Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used mainly by living organisms for energy. Produced by plants by photosynthesis

- A molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen- Used by animals as energy storage molecules- Soluble (dissolves) in oils and other non-polar solvents- Insoluble (does not dissolve) in H2O

Macronutrient that is essential for building muscle massMost diverse and important molecule in living organismsProduced by protein synthesis

Where organisms store information about the structures oftheir proteins- Polymers of nucleotides

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Spieces

Science of naming.Binomial nomenclatureScientific name.

ProkaryotesArchaea bacteriaEubacteriaEukaryotesProtistaFungiAnimal Plantae

All viruses are parasitic and cannot live independentlyThey cannot invade all cell types They must use the energy of other cells to “live” and reproduce 

triggers cell to engulf or ‘eat’ virus (endocytosis)

through a cell wall injury or when pollination occurs

All bacteria are:single-celledprokaryotes (no nucleus)reproduce asexuallycontain DNA made of a single chromosome

By shape: Cocci (round) , Bacili (rod shaped), Spirili (spiral), Staphylo (clusters), Strepto (chains), Diplo (pairs) , Mono (individual cells)

stained purpleafter a dyeing techniquethese bacteria have a thick cellwall and are mostly harmless

Stained pink, these bacteria have a thin cell wall and many are pathogenic.

(must eat others for food)or autotrophic (able to make own food)

(use oxygen to produce energyfrom food) or anaerobic (do not requireoxygen to produce energy)

part of 6 kingdom systemgroup of prokaryotic microorganismsunusual cell wall structurethrive in harsh environments; such as saltlakes (halophiles), environments withoutoxygen (methanogens), extreme temperatures(thermophiles)

Most are unicellular (one-celled)Eukaryotic (have nucleus)Reproduce sexually and asexually (binary fission)Need moist environmentThree groups:PlantlikeAnimal-likeFungilike

Absoption of nutrients Reproduction

Eukaryotic Numerous organelles Cell walls Usually in soil Reproduce asexually or sexually Do not move around

May have many nucleic per cell Heterotrophs Few/no storage molecules Chitin in cell wallUse spores not seeds to reproduce

Many mushrooms are highly toxic (produce neurotoxins)Several disease caused by fungi, mostly annoying butminorRingwormAthletes footYeast infections

Eukaryotic & MulticellularCell walls made of celluloseAutotrophic

Eukaryotic & MulticellularNo cell wallsInternal heterotrophs

To replace dead or dying cells To allow an organism to grow and develope

in between stages of dividingG1—beginning cell growthS—DNA duplicates (makes a copy)DNA is in the form of chromatinG2—cell undergoes it’s function

DNA is replicatedalong withorganelles andother cellularcomponents andthe cell prepares fordivision.

the DNA recoils, and the chromosomescondensethe nuclear membrane disappearsmitotic spindles begin to form

spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at thecentromerechromosomes line up the middle of the cell

the chromosomes split at the centromerethe ‘sister’ chromatids are pulled by the spindlefibers to opposite poles of the cell.

the chromosomes, the cytoplasm and organellesdivide into 2 portions.this diagram shows the end of telophase

the actual splitting of thecytoplasm into twoseparate cells is calledcytokinesisoccurs differently inboth plant and animalcellsAnimal cells: cleavagefurrow pinches cellPlant cells: cell plateforms in between

Each species has a specific number ofchromosomesFor example humanstotal number of chromosomes is 46diploid number is 462n = 46the number of chromosomes in thegametes is the haploid number or n =23

Sex-linked traits are traits thatare controlled by genes on thesex chromosomesThe X and Y chromosomes

Pedigree charts show a record of the familyof an individualThey can be used to study the transmissionof a hereditary conditionThey are particularly useful when there arelarge families and a good family record overseveral generations.