THE 3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES (LLS)

Management & Planning

Decide on commitments

Set reasonable goals

Decide on a methodology

Select appropriate resources

Monitor progress

Evaluate success

Cognitive

Clarification/ Verification

Guessing/ Inductive Inferencing

Deductive Reasoning

Practice

Memorisation

Monitoring

Communicative - Experiential

Use verbal & non-verbal instruments

Circumlocution

Gesturing

Paraphrasing

Asking for repetition

Asking for explanation

Interpersonal

Communicate with native speakers

Cooperate with native speakers

Get familiar with the culture of the target langauge

Monitor development

Evaluate performance

Affective

Aware of perceptions towards langauge learning

Build positive feelings

Langauge learning training

Drawing attention to possible frustrations

Voicing frustrations

Metacognitive

Advanced organisers

Directed attention

Selective attention

Self-management

Functional planning

Self-monitoring

Delayed production

Self-evaluation

Cognitive

Repetition

Resourcing

Translation

Grouping

Note-taking

Deduction

Recombination

Auditory representation

Keywords

Contextualisation

Elaboration

Transfer

Inferencing

Socioaffective

Social-mediating

Transacting with others

Cooperation

Question for clarification

Direct

Memory

Creating mental linkages

Applying images & sounds

Reviewing well

Employing action

Cognitive

Practising

Receiving & sending messages strategies

Analysing & reasoning

Creating structure for input & output

Compensation

Guessing intelligently

Overcoming limitations in speaking & writing

Indirect

Metacognitive

Centering learning

Arranging & planning learning

Evaluating learning

Affective

Lowering anxiety

Encouraging oneself

Taking emotional temperature

Social

Asking questions

Cooperating with others

Emphathising with others