Assignment #5 - Plants

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Plant Unit

Natural Vs Artifical propagation

Artificial

Occurs through budding, grafting, layering, cutting, tissue culture, etc

Occurs under the influence of human

Artificial development of new plant by means of human intervention

Natural

natural development of a new plant without human intervention

Occurs through roots, bulbs, corms, rubers, rhizomes, runner, plantlets, etc

Naturally occurs in plants

Seeds

Cotyledon

Dicot: Two cotyledon, tap-root, ringed, net-like veins, 4 or 5

Monocot: One cotyledon, Fibrous root, scattered, parralel viens, multiples of 3

Seed coat

Germinate

Plants

Flowers

Fruits

Stem

Function: To transport food made by leaves to the rest of the plants, as well as water and dissolved mineral salts  from roots to the rest of the plants

Subtopic

Phloem: Food-making stems

Xylem: Water-making system

Succelent stems

Clambering stems

Aerial stems

Woody and Non-Woody

Leaves

Photosynthesis and respiration

Parts

Veins

Edges

Blade

Midrib

Function: To use the green pigment inside it (chlorophyll) to trap light from the sun in order to generate food (photosynthesis), such as glucose.

Response to Environmental Stimuli

Nastic Response vs. Tropism

Tropism

Thigmotropism

The response will continue resulting in a “winding” effect

The side of a plant in contact with a surface of a stimulus will produce auxins on the non-contact side, producing growth

Thigmotropism is the growth of a plant in response to contact

Gravitropism

Plant’s response will be to return to the upward position

The stem demonstrates negative response by growing against gravity

The roots demonstrate positive response by growing towards gravitational pull

Gravitropism is a plants natural growth response to the effects of gravity

Phototropism

Less auxins produced on the side of the plant towards the light

Phototropism is a growth response of a stem towards light, so that it can receive the maximum amount of light for photosynthesis

Tropism: A plant’s growth response to external stimulus coming from one direction in the environment

Nastic Response: A plant’s movement in response to a stimulus that is not associated with the direction of the stimulus

Terms

Plant adapt to new situations by modifying their growth, by means of chemicals called growth regulators[hormones].

Response is a form of defence that allows organisms to survive.

The ability to detect change and to respond is called sensitivity.

Introduction

Plant Behavior

Protection

When preyed on it will releases emergency signal that predators will take care of

Tobacco plant uses nicotine poisons to induce seizures, paralysis, adn morality

No Roots

Knows which plant it likes more

Obligate Parasites lives off host

Producing it's own food

Roots

Types

Clasping root

Fibrous root

Tap-root

Plant roots slow down when passing nutrients for efficiency

Plant roots accelerate growth to travel to patches of nutrients

Growth towards the sun

Function: To firmly anchor the plant to the ground and to absorb water and dissolved mineral salt from underground.

Importance of Plants to Canadians Plants are critical to Canada's growth and development since it relies on the nutrients that plants give as a source of food, and they are unchangeable. Trees are important because they are a part of everything people eat, whether they eat the plants or the animals they eat, or they rely on plants for nourishment. In today's society, the majority of food is imported from one country to another, resulting in numerous economic benefits for countries that import food. That money may be put to advancing the neighbourhoods and the country.

Application of Plant Hormones

Native plants

Able to survive harsh conditions

spoiled

raspberry spoiling others

ethylene gas causes all other to ripen

released ethylene gas

one spoiled

herbicides

Excessive growth to kill

Gibberellins

cytokinins

Auxins

Growth

Not grow as much

Away from light

Kill weeds

Limit growth

Plant classification

Adaptations

Rainforest

some plants do not obtain enough nutrients from the soil and consume insects such as the Venus fly trap and the pitcher plant

competition for sunlight results in some plants called epiphytes that grow on trees with trailing roots such as orchids, some mosses and ferns

great competition for pollinators by use of complex flower structures and scents

Desert

Waxy skin to reduce water loss

Spines prevent predators from getting to the water

Have accordion pleats to allow the plant to expand

Catci are capable to storing large quantities of water e.g. 6 m tall cactus can store 400 L of water

Long shallow root systems

Arctic

faster lifecycle to take advantage of the limited sunlight

built in antifreeze to withstand the cold

Roots are shorter and the plants are shorter

mosses, lichens, trees and shrubs live here

Gymnosperm vs. Angiosperm

Angiosperm

Most abundant plant form on Earth

Best adapted to the various climates on Earth

Play a large role in feeding people

Fruits are designed to disperse seeds

Plants bear fruits

Often called flowering plants (but not all of them are flowering plants)

Gymnosperm

Wide spread root systems (anchor themselves and helps to get nutrients)

Tend to be found in harsh environments, found worldwide

Generally trees

Requires pollen to produce

Do not produce seeds or fruit

Most are cone bearing

Most have long, thin needles (these are their leaves)

Seed vs. Seedless

Seedless

Seedless plants do not have seeds and are spread by windblown spores. They tend to live in moist areas and examples include ferns and horsetails.

Seed

Seeded plants contain an embryo surrounded by a seed coat. Inside the seed is nutrients that help feed it as it grows.

Vascular vs Non-Vascular

Non Vascular

No system of vessels to transport water and nutrients (xylem and phloem) No true leaves, roots or stems Depend on diffusion, osmosis and active transport to get nutrients Need to grow close to water (for reproduction and growth) Grow close to the surface and when they die they leave soil for plants to grow

Vascular

A vascular plant has specialized tissue that helps to transport water and nutrients Most plants are vascular to transport water and nutrients(xylem and phloem) Have roots, leaves and stems ability to live away from major water sources e.g. ponds, lakes Ex. Flowers, trees, shrubs and grasses

Successtion

Ecological Disturbances

The greater the plant diversity in an ecosystem, the more resilient the ecosystem is to disturbances

i.e Fallen trees open spaces in the canopy, allow shade intolerant plants the opportunity to establish themselves

Provide opportunities for other plant growth

They are frequent and important

Secondary Succession

Often seeds and roots remain, some seeds will only germinate after a fire i.e. Jack or Lodge pine

It is the recolonization of an area after an ecological disturbance in which the soil remains in tact.

Primary Succession

Climax community is the final stage of ecological succession. i.e. mature oak/hickory forest

Plants compete for light and space, some species better able to survive in changing environment

i.e. after glacial retreating, cooled lava, geologic upheaval

Establishes a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have topsoil