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Effects of Smoking

Nicotine

nervous system

release adrenaline

affects neurotransmitters in the brain

addictive

reproductive system

babies have low birth weights/ born prematurely/ increase risk of lung problems

increase infertility and miscarriage

prohibits proper blood circulation causing impotence

cardiovascular disease

reduce diameter of arterioles

in oxygen supply

heart rate and blood pressure

aneurysm

stroke

heart attack

cause blood clotting

Carbon Monoxide

Diseases

Stroke

Coronary heart disease/ atherosclerosis

causes high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes

hinders blood flow

plaque builds up in arterties

Symptoms

Mimics influenza

fatigue

nausea

vomiting

mental confusion

rapid heart rate

dizziness

headache

Effects

Injure fetus upon exposure

Reduction of blood flow

Build up of fatty tissue

Damage lining of the arteries

Puts a strain on heart muscle

Decreases quantity of oxygen transported in the blood

Mode of action

4. CO is faster at binding with Hb than oxygen and exits the body slower

3. Oxygen cannot bind to receptors on cells that contain carboxyhaemoglobin

2. Combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin

1. Diffuses into RBC

Tar

Lung Cancer

spread through bronchiole epithelium & enter lymphatic tissue in lungs

react with DNA in epithelial cells to produce mutation & leads to development of tumour

COPD

Emphysema

Emphysema treatment

Long term outlook

Quitting smoking

Alternative therapies

Sulfur has been identified as an aid in reducing inflammation and mucus.

Chinese herbs like ginkgo biloba which helps strengthen the lungs

Surgery and rehabilitation

Some people with emphysema may qualify for surgery to reduce lung volume, which helps to decrease symptoms.

Oxygen supplementation

Oral treatments

Oral steroid like prednisone is prescribed to people in addition to using an inhaler.

Medications as inhalants

Bronchodilators are medications that relax the bronchiolar muscles and improve airflow.

Effects on emphysema

People with severe emphysema often need a continuous supply of oxygen through a face mask.

wheezing occurs and breathlessness becomes progressively worse

Lung function deteriorates

It is a condition in which bronchioles collapse, leaving large spaces where surface area for gaseous exchange used to be

Large spaces appear where alveoli have burst

Less oxygen absorbed to blood

Number of capillaries decreases

Reduces surface area for gas exchange

Protein digesting enzyme known as elastase is released

Destroys elastin in the walls of the alveoli (allowing phagocytes to enter and remove bacteria)

Phagocytes line the airways

Chronic Bronchitis

-accumulation of mucus

difficulty breathing

drowsiness

chest pains

pneumonia

smoker's cough

-cleaning action inhibited

-stimulate goblet cells & mucous glands to secrete more mucous