b1 chap 2 narrative
- good support for nativist position: many inborn prefs incl detailed rep of human face as well as fast learning
- discrimination of individuals
- bonding with carers

Developement of nervous system not complete at birth

vision blurry hearing a bit better

Themes and Issues

Empiricist

Piagat

actions an experience structure initially chaotic world of perception

Nativist

Spelke

core knowlege

bulit in understanding of physics, numbers

Meltzoff

social knowledge

set of skills that prepare for soical human interaction

buitls in attraction to faces

built in tendencey to imitate

Immature visual abilites

Lens: accomodation not mature

blurry

Retina: Low density of cones in fovea

blurry

2-3 month

less colours

pastell whashed out colours

Optic nerves

Lacking myelination

information corrupted

Subtopic

LGN

Cells processing foveal info not mature

-12m

Visual Cortex

structure not fully connected

just short, no long connections

-6 m

Bad: Sharp vision ( but increasing)

General scanning behaviour

tracing saccades and fixation:
Less detail, more edges

but probably because detail not yet possible

Using Fantz forced choice

prefernce for thinnner lines increasing with age (intially pref only for thick line vs grey squ.)

Specific natural prefernces

Inborn Preference of visual
shapes and features

2-3 days: csing Fantz method of forced choice preference (Shapes and other features of visual stimuli)

faces, curves, complexity, colours, symmety, 3D, and moving stiumli

preference for real world vs static

Faces are special

Fantz: 18 newborns: Faces vs. other cirlces

Bushnell: mothers face
newborns, after 12 hours prefer mothers face to that to other faces

Hoss and Langlois: preference for attractive faces

Average faces: Likely because they are more prototypical

Meltzoff: Imittaion in newborns children
able to imiatate factial experession which they cannot see

sugg: mental representaion of faces

vs Piaget: Imitation not until 2 because babies unable to forma ment. rep of what they cannot see

Pascalis: Monkeys. Narrowing of faceregognition from Monkeys to human

Quinn: Gender discrimination

Quinn: Preference for gender of primary carer

Good early visual organization
after periods of familiarization / Learning about an object

Inborn

depth

Gibson: 6m-12m 3 of 27 craweld over the cliff

But Campos et al: all crawling beginners crawl

suggesting depth needs experince

size constancy

Slater et al: cube size disrimiation
of objects of different sizes

Learned

later learned organization

stereopsis develops

2 month Occlusion

5-6m: 2 objecfts touchning are not one

Piaget (little scientists): builteding on observable physical laws by acting on the world

6-7m Gravity

Discrimination of colours shapes and faces

Methods

Forced choice

preference

Habituation/Novelty preferences

discrimination

Eyetracking

Measuring gaze time

immature auditory processes

inner ear well developed

auditory nerve fully myleinated

immature

cochlea

hair cells less sesnitve to low sounds

structures in the auditory cortex not fully connected

sound range tuned to human voice

Preferences

Fernald: auditory pref for Motherese

Sing et al: but maybe because it sounds happy

Mothers voice

de Casper: Mothers voice vs. strangers voice: increasing sucking rate to hear moms voice (pacifier)

deCasper: mothers poems learned in Utero

dev: ready to learning and fine tuning

Trehub: czech phonems infants intially discriminating chech phonemes

Werkers: ch. loose the disriciminatino abilty to become native listerners

Progression:

Learning to understand before learning to speak

4,5m know their name

7,5m distiguish words

8m attach meaning to words

Methods

Habituation

sucking rate

sucking on a dummy produces BA sound which they habituate to- sucking decreasis until they hear PA

def: combining info from 2 senses

creates intersensory redundany

i.e.a word rerfers to an object

innate reflex

Wertheimer: clicks turning daughters head with sound to locate source of click

facilitates learning

Morrongiello et al: co-location of toy and sound

synchrony

Slater et al: 2d, sycnc line and sound
co-timing of object and sound or sound on

Innate

Butterwoth: moving wall: ch.fall back when wall moves toward them