b1 ch5 narrative

Personality theories

Type

People are qualitativly differnt

the four humours

MBTI

Trait

people vary on certain dimesions

Eysencks EPI

Costa McCrae

Big 5

Temperament

Def.

(TempoSition) Disposition to act in particular ways accross time and situation not regarding the influence of cognition. Tought to be inherited.

Agreement on 3 broad categories

emotional

attentional

Motor activity

Important temperamental differences
and time of emergence (contrad. to def)

very early

Inhibition (s. Kagan)

very late

effortful Control (i.e. Rothbart)

inhibition to persue a goal

But: Other genetic factors like intelligence also only experess themselves later

variation accross time

stabilty

same behaviour over days or weeks

continuity

similar characteristics accross time

Genetic origin

Buss& Plomins: Minnesota Twins correlation

sociability

activity

But: MZ often similar environm.

7r Dopamine Receptors

Auerbach: General:

Dopamine receptor assotiated
with temperamental differnces

Schmidt's: Older Kids

Problem with attention, risk taking and aggressive behaviour

MAOA(m) re-uptake

Caspi et al

Seronotine transporter: aggressive only with kids who been in abusive environment.

Short Term: high stability

Plomin: Colorado Adoption Project

high stability from 1-4

emotionality

sociability

less stability

activity

But: based on parental ratings (sim to previous)

Hinde & Tobin

4 y

assessment at home and in play group

"coherence of termperament" across contexts

Gender: behvioural differneces

Shy

G: better rel. w. mother

G. Less hostile w. peers

Long Term: clear relationship

Caspi et al: 1000 3y

cat in 5 Types

26

MPQ

self

Big 5

close friend

parental observations

good acces but biased

But: Hagekull: Good corrlation between partents reporst and direct observation

face to face Interviews

potentially more accurate

social desirealbilty or problems with understanding

Thomas&Chess'9

9 Dimesions

i.e distractibilty and attention span

But: Some factors possibly overlapping

Also 3 Types

difficult child(increased risk of later behvour problems)

mood

adaptabilty

rhythmicality

approach

slow to warm up

easy child

Bates& Bales: Mother problems

link of problem behav reported by mom at 2y with later 3-6y

But

Pauli&Potts: emotionality at 4 p

erceptios of emotionality at 4m predict measurement at 8

Vaughan's Uterus

Mothers formed a view before child was born: Ratings of temperament related to mothers personality and attitudes on child rearing

Kagen's inhibited child

Kagen found a type that shows strong behavioral inhibition i.e. to new things

75% stabilty

Linked with later problem behaviour

links this to arrousal level in the limbic system

change possible with concious effort

Bus and Plomin's EAS

EAS framwork

factor analysis

Emotinality/ Activiy / Sociability

Links well with Eysencks: EPI

Neuroticism

Extroversion

Dunn&Kendrick: jealousy

Importance of environment

siblings reaction to newborn not only related to temperament but quality and stability of interaction.

Scarr's PA 3 interations

passive: sharing char.

active: self selection

evocative: child evokes response

Direct effects

Keogh: in School

Factors like attention or impulisivity

Dunn & Kendrick

More stressed on arrival of sibling

self-selection of environments

Transactions

Goodness of fit

Isabella: caregiver personality not corr with child attachment but interaction is.

Sameroff: Transactions

influnencing behaviour of caregivers