Canadian History
By: Daniel Nguyen

Militarism

The building up of arms to intimidate other nations

Germany competing with the UK to build battle ships

British feared an attack from other nations

Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand armed forces

Alliances

Countries uniting together againsts a common threat

By 1914, major powers were allied with each other

Alliances increased change of war starting and continuing

Major Allies

Triple Entente (The Allies) - France, Britain and Russia

Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

Imperialism

Big nations competing for land and resources

Land = Power

Britain’s Colonial Possessions - 25% of globe

Germany jelous of Britain

The British feared Germany in Africa

Serbia feared Austria (terrorism)

The Austrians feared Serbia (allies with Russia)

Nationalism

Great loyalty to one's homeland

Can lead to feelings of superiority.

Serbians in Austria-Hungary and Serbia wanted to reunite Bosnia with Serbia

"Black Hand” - Serbian terrorist group

Major Nations

Britain: large navy, empire

France: History of "Greatness"

Russia: Big (land)

Austria-Hungary: Large empire, strong army, “natural leaders of Europe”

Germany: Navy rivaled Britain; “natural leaders of Europe”

Italy: Recently unified as a country; looking to prove itself

War Measure Act

The government created the act

Gave strong power to prime ministers

Helped maintain security and order during war times

Paying for The War

The war costed $1,000,000 dollars a day by 1917

Overcame the government's ability to pay

Had to borrow and raise taxes

Victory bonds

a bond is a loan

government promised to pay back

Women's Role

Before the Wwar

Domestic servant

Teaching

Nursing

Office work

Women employed to replace men in many sectors of the economy

Trade Union decree that women would only be employed for the duration of the war

Jobs had to be given back to those men returning from the military

What did they do?

30 000 women worked in “munitions” factories

Aircraft factories, machine shops, metal foundries, shipyards

Overseas jobs- nurses

On the Farm

Women Organizations

More than 50,000 women served during the two World Wars

Wages

Many women were paid good wages

Paid lower rates than men

Wages allowed independence for some women.

Conscription Crisis

Initial enthusiasm fading, some soldiers returned home with stories

Opposed by farmers, Quebec

The Military Services Act 1917

Called all fit males 18-45 to register

Had exceptions

In the first two years of the war, over 350,000 Canadians had enlisted.

Halifax Explosion

By 1917, three years of war made Halifax a boomtown

Ship sailed to and from Great Britain carrying war supplies

Halifax was the largest city in Atlantic Canada

Frequent collisions between ships

Boat traffic control

Civilians

Royal Navy

Royal Canadian Navy

6 December 1917 - Mont-Blanc collided with the Belgian relief ship Imo

Fire started

Mont-Blanc's crew abandoned ship

Ended with huge explosion

Tactics

Schlieffen Plan

Attack both France and Russia

Defeat them while they struggled to form their army

"back door" on France through Belgium

plan failed

Trench Warfare

Propaganda used to spread false information

Motivated people to join the army

Resulted in a "tie"

Niether side could gain territory

Defense stronger than offense

Consequences

The horrors of the battlefield were bad enough and soldiers had to endure terrible hardships just to live day to day

Trench Foot

Halted by the French, they dug defensive fortifications on high ground

along a long "front" from Belgium to Switerzerland

Very little resources

War in the Air and in Sea

Airel duals

no parachutes

average lifespan of piolt was 3 weeks

used to oberserve enemy troops

Zeppelins: Bombs and Surveillance

Sopwith Camel - Britain

British depended on the sea and Germans knew this

Germans had a deadly weapon - submarines

German submarine sank the Lusitania, a British liner in 1915, killing over 1198 people including 128 Americans (U.S. joins war in 1917)

Cut off resources from being recieved by enemies

Observable moment when there occurs a dramatic change in direction in events

Outcome is significantly altered

Italy sees a turning point in 1915

1917: Event 1: “Unrestricted U-boat” attacks

1917: Event 2: Zimmerman Telegram

Zimmerman Telegram

1917: Event 3-Communist Revolution

Statistics

The First World War left nine million soldiers dead and 21 million wounded

Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France, and Great Britain each losing nearly a million or more lives

At least five million civilians died from disease, starvation, or exposure

Casualties: around 40 million

9 million animals: horses, donkeys, etc.,

Treaties

The Treaty of Versailles (1919)

“League of Nations” formed to settle future disputes

Germany ordered to take responsibility and pay reparations

Rhineland put under Allied control

Navy reduced in size,

100 000 max in army

German anger led to Nazi movement

Remembrance Day

At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends

At 5 a.m. that morning, Germany, with little manpower and supplies and faced with imminent invasion, signed an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside Compiégne, France

November 11th is also called Armistice Day- the day the fighting stopped

Every year in Canada to remember the people who died for our country

Germany

Germany were hungry for power

wanted land and power

Militarism

Hitler building up Germany's army and weapons

Allies with Italy and Japan

WWI

The Treaty of Versailles

German land and resources limited, caused Nazi movement

Germany to accept guilt for the war and pay reparations

Economic Depression

The Great Depression

Trades reduced

Businesses close

prices and banks fall

unemployment rates rise

people looked for a strong political leader to resolve problems

Tactics

Blitzkreig- intense military attack (Luftwaffe, panzers, and Whermacht)

Poland

September 1st, 1939- Nazis invade Poland- over 1 million soldiers

September 17, 1939- Russia invades Poland (east)

France

September 3rd, 1939- France and Britain declare war on Germany

France surrendered on June 22nd, 1940

French troops were overwhelmed by swift German forces, losing many battles

Dunkirk

340,000 British and French soldiers are rescued from Dunkirk

Historical significance: Brits came to rely on Canadians for naval support (convoys)

Britain

September 9th, 1939- Canada declares war (Allied forces of Britain and France) 🡪 1937 warning

Involved Canadian pilots (RCAF)

Bomber raid on Berlin in retaliation

43 000 perished

British radar system

Hitler

Was a WWI Soldier

Led the Nazi movement

Became a member of the German Worker’s Party (DAP) in 1919, but left in 1921

Became Fuhrer of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi Party) in 1921

1933 – Becomes Chancellor

Nazi Party becomes only legal political party

Why he hated Jews

Blamed them for Austria’s problems

They did not fit into his “master race”- Aryan

Believed they were lazy and contributed little in world development

Believed they were connected to Communists

Why they liked him

Improved infrastructure of Germany

Liked the arts & sponsored architecture projects

Wanted affordable cars for people – helped with the VW Beetle

Charismatic speaker

Belief that Germany needed to expand – land & raw materials – for survival

Wanted to expand to the East

Benito Mussolini

Goal was to fight communism and democratic socialism

Declared war on Britain in 1940 (part of Axis)

Was shot, body dumped in public square, then hung up on a meat hook on display

Japanese Emperor Hirohito

Alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Believed in the racial superiority of the Japanese over the Chinese

Arrested & tried as a war criminal; executed by hanging

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Camp X

“Special Training School #103”

Under-cover work in Nazi occupied France

War time spy training camp

False documents, & costumes, and other personal items to ensure secret agents are never suspected as with the Allies

For the British Secret Intelligence Service

For Americans and Canadians too

Trained French, and Yugoslav agents in sabotage

Opened just after Pearl Harbor (Dec., 1941)

Conscription

Motivated men to go to war

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, which required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft

Ipperwash

Chippewas shared 6 million hectares of land with Euro. Settlers 1818-1827

WWII- Canadian Army evacuated it in order to set up temporary military training camp

Received $50,000

Canadian Gov’t refused to leave in 1945 when the Assembly of First Nations undertook steps to regain the reserve

By 1994, First Nations people occupied Ipperwash Provincial Park

Total War

Every facet of the nation was involved in the war effort
Industries
Natural Resources
Soldiers
Civilians
War Time Prices, rationing in Canada

Strategies

Spread a philosophy or point of view

sponsored by governments and political groups

Name Calling- using put down words for a group or nation (often racist/ stereotypes)

Bandwagon- peer pressure

Glittering Generalities- uses broad general positive words

Card Stacking- strongly promoting the positive while avoiding any possible negatives

Patriotism/ National Pride- appealing to people’s love of their nation

Direct Order- Appeals to people’s desire to be told what to do

Nazi Propaganda

Germany: Ministry of Enlightenment & Propaganda

Led by Joseph Goebbels

Master at manipulating

Arts and culture were controlled

Radios, broadcasting

music

film

literature

Propaganda of Allies

Shared hate towards Hitler and Germany

Motivated all individuals to join the army and serve their nation

demonstrated strength of allied nations

Showed strength of women

Influenced people to buy war funds and support the nation in multiple ways

Hitler Youth for after-school activities

After Nuremberg Laws, Jews not allowed to attend schools

Nationalistic approach to history

Classes in “race hygiene”

Stages

Holocaust: systematic destruction of European Jews by Nazis during WWII

1st stage – You cannot live among us as Jews (discrimination/identification)

Belief that improvements can be made to the human race by discouraging reproduction of people with undesirable qualities or defects

Nazi targets: Jews, homosexuals, criminals, weak, insane, degenerates

Badges and armbands used for identification

2nd stage – You cannot live among us at all (concentration/segregation)

Registration card in Warsaw Ghetto

Bottom half records death in Ghetto

Top half gives personal details

Allows for 300 calories a day

3rd and final stage or "solution" – You cannot live at all (extermination)

“Solutions" = sterilization, death

“Final Solution” – outright extermination of all Jews

Two types of camps: work & death

Killed by gas in showers or burned in ovens

6 million killed + millions of other enemies

Concentration Camp

The Nuremberg Trials

A series of military tribunals, held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II

Prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany

Humanity would be guarded by an international legal shield

Stop to Crimes Against Humanity

Permanent international criminal court

Statistics

70–85 million people perished

Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) were around 50 million

19–28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine

Major Impacts

Many people left homeless

Scarce resources

Nations needed to rebuild and replenish what was lost

Need for workers and economic started to boom

On May 8, 1945, World War II in Europe came to an end

V-E Day

Later that year, US President Harry S. Truman announced Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II

Toronto Raids (1980’s)

Canada’s response to Stonewall Riots (NYC)

RCMP and the 1960’s

Acronyms

Africville

Viola Desmond

BLM Movements

The Persons Case 1929

The Famous Five

Suffragettes

Contributions to the War Efforts

1960s

Residential Schools

MMIW&G

Contributions to the War Efforts

Ongoing Issues

Environmental Policies

David Suzuki

Canadian Contributions

Canadian Bill of Rights

Fundemental Freedoms

Democratic Rights

Mobility Rights

Minority Language Education Rights

Legal Rights

Equality Rights

Official Language Rights

Extremely Important as it outlined the rights and rules the government must follow and operate accordingly

Computer Moves in

1980s

New Entrepreneurs

South Moresby, BC

Berger Inquiry

1970s-1980s

Oka Crisis

Referendum

1980s

Trudeau’s Speech

Inglis Factory Strike

1983

Trudeau and The Constitution

April 17 1982

Women in Charter

Elizabeth May

1998

Meech Lake Accord

1980s

Free Trade 1988 Elections

1988

Alberta Oil Boom

Housing Crisis

1981

Montreal Massacre

1980s

Baltej Singh Dhillion Incident

Colonialism

A group of settlers to a place and set up control over the people there

Controlling the Indigenous people land for their own use

According to the French, Indigenous people don’t have the right to control the land

Reasoning

They thought their government or religion either didn’t exist or wasn’t as good as theirs

The Indigenous people and their needs aren’t as important as the settler’s (colonizer’s) needs

Conditions

7 to 15 year olds must attend residential school

an officer was enforced attendance; he had the right to enter anywhere he thought there were children

as a parent you could be fined or imprisoned for not sending your children to residential school

a child who tried to escape could be arrested without a warrant and sent to the school

1920s-1990s

Odour from raw sewage

Extreme, excessive punishment

Poor building condition (shack)

Over populated classrooms

Bad, rotten, not nutritional food

Handed down clothing with holes, etc.

Under-funded

No heat or ventilation

Fire traps (only 1 hallway)

Disease

Not much running water

Physical, sexual and emotional abuse

Lots of suicide

Religion was in charge of the schools

Indigenous people were taught farming techniques and math

Did not have the right to embrace their own culture

Department of Indian Affairs “kidnapped” ALL Native kids

Put children with different languages together

NO communication allowed

12 hours a day in class, 6 days a week

Beaten if you spoke any language other than English

Supervisors were cruel

Sexually harassed and assualted children

Children were left with scars and life long trauma

Statistics

Females represented 32% of homicide victims

67,000 Aboriginal females reported being a victim of violence in 2009

The rate of victimization among Aboriginal females was close to three times higher than that of non-Aboriginal females

There were 1,017 Aboriginal female victims of homicide (between 1980 & 2012)

total 1,181 - 164 missing and 1,017 homicide victims.

Possible Causes

abduction by a stranger

accident

wandered off/lost

parental abduction with a custody order

parental abduction — no custody order

runaway

unknown

presumed dead

Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC)

Aboriginal women and girls represented approximately 10% of all female homicides in Canada.

Indigenous women only make up 3% of female population

Reports/Government Involvement

The vision of the RCMP is to promote safe communities in their commitment to preserve the peace, uphold the law and provide quality service

The RCMP Commissioner Bob Paulson has said “"We are making sure that unsolved cases are reviewed systematically and peer reviewed for avenues of investigation that perhaps have not been seen."

Share the missing persons ALERTS

Challenge media presentations

Write local, provincial and national authorities

94 Calls to Action

To redress the legacy of residential schools and advance in the process of Canadian Reconciliation

Legacy

Child Welfare

Education

Health

Language and Culture

Justice

Reconciliation

Declaration on the rights of Indigenous people

Royal Proclamation and Covenant of Reconciliation

Equality for Aboriginal People in the Legal System

National Council

Youth Programs

Museums and Archives

Missing Children and Burial Information

Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement

the largest class-action settlement in Canadian history, began to be implemented in 2007

Accepted by the Prime Minister

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Provided about $72 million to support the TRC's work

Hosted national events to spread information and inform students

Honour the experiences of former students and their families

Encourage those affected to tell their story

Significance

act creates laws that controls Indigenous people

Gave Office of Indian Affairs had greater authority to make sweeping policy changes

Restrictions

Denied the right to vote

Cultural ceremonies and dancing are banned; ceremonial objects taken

Can’t appear in public in traditional clothing

Can’t practice traditional religion

Can’t speak native tongue

Can’t enter a pool hall

Government can confiscate portions of reserves

Given European names

Imposed Band council system

Can’t raise money for land claims

Can’t form political organizations

Can’t leave the reservation without permission slip from the Indian Agent

Forced Residential Schooling

Denied women status

Reserve land could leased out by the government

Forced enfranchisement for attending University

Assimilation

Attempted to destroy Indigenous culture in favour of assimilation

Has allowed trauma and numerous human rights violations to be perpetrated against Canada’s Indigenous people

Created generations of social and cultural disruptions

Effects

Millions of Canadians were left unemployed, hungry and often homeless

People had starved to death

Families were in shambles as people tried finding jobs

Agriculture Damage

Drought had ruined agriculture and kill all farmer's crops

Lack of food and suopply

Pricing for goods skyrocketed

-Canada’s dependence on raw material and farm exports

Arrived in 1931

deep-rooted prairie grasses were gone

Soil blew off fields and farm land was destroyed

the value of wheat was greatly reduced in the global export market

Widespread losses of jobs and savings transformed the country

Post War Problems

Influenza – Spanish flu
Prohibition
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Rumrunners & bootleggers

Unions & labour unrest
Winnipeg General Strike
Women’s rights
Persons Case

Technology Improvements

Radio

Brought Canadians closer together

Sources for news, music and entertainment

Automobiles – big thanks to Henry Ford!

Entertainment

Dances

Charleston

Tango

Shimmy

Music

Jazz

Duke Ellington

Movie stars

Clark Gable

Greta Garbo

Louise Brooks

Talkies

Arrived in Canada in 1927

900 movies houses in Canada by 1930

Major stars: Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Douglas Fairbanks

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Canadian star: Mary Pickford

Formed United Artists with Fairbanks & Griffith

Visual Arts

The Group of Seven

J.E.H. Mac Donald, Lawren Harris, Franklin Carmichael, Arthur Lismer, F.H. Varley, A.Y. Jackson, Franz Johnston

Realistic landscape paintings

Canada’s physical beauty was encapsulated through the work

Bold, fresh, interpretive, deep colours, vivid light, shade.

Impressions of the Canadian landscape

Sports

Percy Williams: runner, Olympic gold winner

Lionel Conacher: wrestler, boxer, hockey, football, lacrosse, baseball player and trophy winner

Hockey

Famous Canadian announcer Foster Hewitt – “He shoots, he scores!”

Changes to women’s sports

Prior to WWI – tennis, skating, cycling, fencing

Post WWI – basketball (Edmonton Grads), contact sports

Job Shortage

Extremely high unemployement rates after the war

Rich and Poor

Major difference in quality of life

Work Setting

Terrible conditions

Why?

Prohibition in Canada was firmly rooted in the First World War!

First, during the war, using food to produce alcohol for simple consumption was regarded as wasteful

Second, if the world was to be a better place after the war, prohibiting alcohol was seen as one way to achieve it!

Prohibition was unpopular with the voters; besides, governments could raise money by controlling and taxing the sale of liquor

Prohibition did reduce alcohol consumption by about 80 percent

Women’s Temperance Union

Lobbied to ban gambling, drinking, theatre attendance, and public dancing

Rumrunners Blind Pigs, Bootleggers

illegal methods of selling alcohol

Between 1915 and 1917, every province except Quebec outlawed the sale and consumption of alcohol

In 1918, Prime Minister Borden incorporated prohibition into Canada’s war effort

Distillers’ and brewer’ ingredients were needed to feed the troops

Economic Boom

Sale of minerals, pulp and paper, oil in Alberta

Millions spent on Hydroelectricity

Other countries investing money into Canadian resources and industries, (U.S. major investor)

Social Attitudes

Fashion Forward

Flappers

Flapper – fashionable young women who defied the old conventions of proper “feminine” behaviour.

Cartoons

Plane Crazy- 1927

Steamboat Willie- 1928

Used at the movies to

warn that the feature

was about to start

Social Problems

Gap between rich and poor remained large

Employees still worked long hours for low wages and dirty and unsafe conditions

Immigration

Push Factors – conditions that pushed people to come to Canada.

War, poverty, famine, no jobs

Pull Factors – conditions that explain why immigrants choose a country.

Opportunity, land, community already established in Canada, jobs

Whites from Britain, US and Europe encouraged to immigrate.

1919, 20% of the population were immigrants

Immigration Act 1919

Preferred list. Those who had “peculiar” customs, language and habits were undesirable – seen as difficult to assimilate

1. White, English speaking Britons and Americans

2. Northern Europeans

3. Central and Eastern Europeans

4. Asians, Blacks, Gypsies and Jews

Chinese Exclusion Act (1923)

Asians couldn’t vote, hold certain jobs and were paid lower wages

Limited new Chinese immigrants including family of those already here. (Main labour for railway)

Chinese Head Tax

$500/person had been applied up to this point.

Black People

Black people could vote but had separate school boards and were underfunded.

Role of Women

1921 Agnes Macphail was the first person to be elected to Parliament.

Person’s case – when the first female judge, (Emily Murphy) was turned down for a Senate seat because she is not a “person” in the BNA Act.

Famous Five signed a petition (1927) and the Privy council of Britian (1929) stated women were persons too.

Emily Murphy, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise McKinney

Causes

"Black Tuesday"

October 29, 1929

The day the stock market crashed

Was not a cause, but rather a symptom of the depression

Mass panic & financial devastation

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Cause 1: Over-production and over-expansion

Business was booming after WWI

Market became saturated, people stopped buying

Stock piled up, production slowed, workers ended up being laid off

Cause 2: Dependence on a few primary products

Canada's staple products: fish, minerals, wheat, pulp & paper

Once the demand for staples sank, so too did our prosperity

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This hurt areas where those products were the main sources of income

Cause 3: Dependence on the USA

Depression hit the US before Canada

Relied on USA for imports and exports

Cause 4: Problems with tariffs & trade

Protective tariffs = taxes countries put on imports to protect their own goods

Result = slowed world trade

Cause 5: Credit purchases

“Buy now, pay later” more popular

People couldn’t keep up with payments when sick or out of work

Drove many into bankruptcy

Cause 6: Buying stocks on margin (credit)

Brokers gave loans, but with high interest rates

To buy $1000 worth of stock, you only needed $100 (but you were still responsible for the other $900, and counted on profit to cover it)

Government

William Lyon Mackenzie King (PM 1921-1926) said welfare was the responsibility of the provinces not the Federal government.

He also said he would not give 5 cents to any province that didn’t have a Liberal government

He was voted out of power in 1930 and replaced with Conservative leader R.B. Bennett – “I will find work for all”

Back in power in 1935

Believed the best way to handle the Depression was waiting it out

Insisted social welfare was a provincial, not federal, responsibility

RB Bennett

Rival to King in 1930 election

Promised work for all

Raised tariffs

Gave relief $ to provinces

Changes didn’t help people suffering

Last ditch effort – “Bennett’s New Deal”

Lost to King in 1935 election