Chemical Reactions

Physical Property

A description of a substance that does not involve
forming a new substance.

Types

Color, texture, density, smell, solubility,
taste, melting point, physical state.

Chemical Property

A description of what a substance does
as it changes into one or more new substances

Physical Change

A change that does not produce a new substance

Example

Dissolve, cutting, melting, breaking.

Chemical Change

A change that produces a new substance

Example

Mixing baking soda with vinegar, forest fire

Chemical Periods and Groups

Period

A row of elements in the periodic table

The column number indicates the amount of valence
electrons present in a given column

Group

A column of elements in the periodic table
with similar properties

Alkali Metals

The elements in the first column of the periodic table
(except hydrogen)

Alkaline Earth Metals

The elements in the second column

Halogens

The elements in the seventeenth column

Noble Gases

The elements in the eighteenth column

Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

A model representing the arrangement of
electrons in orbits around the nucleus of an atom

Electron Arrangements and Reactivity

Compounds

A pure substance composed of two or more
elements in a fixed ratio

Reactivity

The closer an atom is to a full electron orbit, the more stable

Atoms and Ions

Ion

Definition

A charged particle that results when an atom
gains or loses one or more electrons

Naming Ions

Ions

A positively charged ion

Cations

A negatively charged ion

Polyatomic Ions

An ion made up of more than one
atom that acts as a single particle

Bonds

Ionic Bond

Definition

The simultaneous strong attraction of positive and
negative ions in an ionic compound

Ionic Compounds

Definition

A compound made up of one or more positive
metal ions and one or more negative non-metal ions

Ionic Bond

The simultaneous strong attraction of positive
and negative ions in an ionic compound

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Hard, brittle, solid. Often electrolytes.

Electrolytes

A compound that separates into ions when it
dissolves in water, producing a solution that
conducts electricity

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Naming Ionic Compounds

Metal + Non-Metal

The first part of a name refers to the metal ion
in the compound and the second part to the non-metal.
The non-metal also has its ending changed to "ide"

Example

Magnesium + Chlorine

Magnesium chloride

Compounds formed from charged ions are electrically neutral. Therefore, equations must be balanced so that the total charges of the formula are neutral.

Covalent Bond

Definition

A bond that results from the sharing of outer
electrons between non-metal atoms

Molecule

A particle in which atoms are
joined by covalent bonds

Diatomic Molecule

A molecule consisting of only two atoms of
either the same or different elements

HOFBrINCl

Common diatomic molecules

Acids

Definition

An aqueous solution that conducts electricity,
tastes sour, turns blue litmus red, and neutralizes bases

Types

Binary Acids

Acids that contain two elements, Hydrogen and one other

Always have the "Hydro" prefix and "ic acid" suffix.

Oxyacids

Acids that contain three elements,
Hydrogen, Oxygen and one other

Acid-base Indicator

A substance that changes color depending on
whether it is in an acid or a base

Bases

Definition

An aqueous solution that conducts electricity
and turns red litmus paper blue

pH Scale

pH

A measure of how acidic a basic or solution is

pH Scale

Neutral

Neither acidic or basic; pH of 7

Describing Chemical Reactions

Terms

Chemical Reaction

A process in which substances interact,
causing the formation of new substances
with new properties

Word Equation

A way of describing a chemical reaction using
the names of the reactants and products

Chemical Equation

A way of describing the chemical reaction using the
chemical formulas of the reactants and products

Reactant

A chemical, present at the start of a reaction, that
is used up during the reaction

Product

A chemical that is produced during a chemical reaction

State Symbols

A symbol indicating the physical state of the
chemical at room temperature

Types of Reaction

Reactants are Atoms/Molecules

Synthesis

Decomposition

Reactants are Compounds/Elements

Single Displacement

Double Displacement

Conserving Mass in Chemical Reactions

Law of Conservation of Mass

The statement that, in any given chemical
reaction, the total mass of the reactant
equals the total mass of the products

Equations

The same amount of numbers, or atoms, are present
on both sides of a chemical equation

WHMIS

Product Labels

Materials Safety Data Sheet