Prokaryote

Bacteria & Archaea

Glycocalyx

protect against dehydration

Capsule

Sticky layer

Slime layer

Avoids phagocytosis from WBCs

Plasma membrane (Lipid Bilayer)

Nucleoid

region where cell's DNA is located

Cytoplasm

Jelly fluid within cell

Plasmid

DNA that is separate from chromosomes

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Contains NO Nucleus

Contains NO membrane bound organelles

Fimbriae

able to stick to each other

Pili

transfers DNA from one cell to another

Flagella

Locomotion (movement)

Archaea

Form endospores

helps to remain alive in harsh conditions

Extreme temperatures

Extreme drying

Harsh chemicals

Bacteria

Cell wall (Peptidoglycan)
Unique to bacteria

protects cell, provides support, maintains cell shape

Eukaryote

Translation

tRNA

Ribosomes

anticodons

amino acids

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

mRNA

from transcription

codons

wobble

Ribosome

rRNA

ribozyme function

proteins

P, A, E site

hydrolysis of GTP

peptidyl transferase

polypeptide growth

Free vs Bound

Free

universal starting point

Bound

protein moves to Rough ER

transported via vesicle

moves to golgi

moves through plasma membrane

pre-mRNA processing

Slicing of introns (Eukaryotes)

Cell Signaling

G-Protein Pathway

G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

G-Protein Activated with GTP molecule

GTP Molecule on G-Protein Activates an Inactive Enzyme

Enzyme Activated

Cellular Response

Phosphorylation Cascade Pathway

Signal Molecule (Ligand)

Inactive Receptor -> Active Receptor

Relay Molecule is Releases

Inactive Protein Kinase 1

Active Protein Kinase 1

Inactive Protein Kinase 2

Active Protein Kinase 2

Inactive Protein Kinase 3

Active Protein Kinase 3

Inactive Protein

Active Protein

Cellular Response

G-Protein and cAMP Pathway

Signal Molecule (Ligand)

G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Inactive G-Protein

Activated G-Protein

Adenylyl Cyclase

cAMP Formed

Protein Kinase A

Cellular Response

AMP Formed

Nuclear Response Pathway

Signal Molecule (Ligand)

Receptor Activated

Receptor activates phosphorylation Cascade

Activation of a Transcription Factor

Cellular Response

Gene Expression

Transcription

Translation

Reception

Transduction

Cellular Response

Relay Molecule

Transcription

Prokaryotic Transcription

Operon

operator

Repressor

Turns gene expression off

Activator

Turns gene expression on

Glucose present

Turns gene expression off

promoter

RNA Polymerase

mRNA

Structural Genes

Eukaryotic Transcription

Control Element

Proximal

Basal Level Expression

Low level of protein production

Distal

Enhancer

Increased Expression

Promoter

Transcription Initiation Complex

RNA Polymerase

pre-mRNA

Transcription Factors

General

Attach to promoter/proximal control element

Specific

Attach to Enhancer

Protein P Phosphotase (PP)

pre-mRNA--> mRNA

3' polyA tail

5' guanine cap

pre-mRNA--> mRNA

3' polyA tail

5' guanine cap

Introns spliced out

Alternative splicing

1 gene codes for 1+ proteins

Introns spliced out

Alternative splicing

1 gene codes for 1+ proteins

ORIGINS OF LIFE

Eukaryotic cells

Animal Cell

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

- organized into chromosomes
- DNA + Proteins = chromatin

Nucleolus

Site of rRNA synthesis

Double membrane: Nuclear envelope

Pores: help transport molecules in and out of cell

Lamina: lines in the inner surface that protect the integrity

Endomembrane system

Golgi Apparatus

-Made of different sacs
-Vesicles transported from ER to out of Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

-packed with enzymes
-function in acid pH
-H+ pumped to maintain low pH

Phagocytosis

Vacuoles

-Food Vacuoles: when cells engulf food or other particles
-Contractile Vacuoles: pumps excess water out of cell (found in freshwater protists)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Continuous with nuclear envelope

Rough ER

-Surface studded with ribosomes
-Bound ribosomes secrete glycoproteins
-Distribute transport vesicles
-Known as membrane factory of cell

Smooth ER

-No attached ribosomes
-Synthesizes lipids
-Metabolizes carbs
-Detoxifies drugs and poison
-Stores Calcium ions

Ribosomes

Complexes of rRNA and protein

make proteins

Cytosol: free ribosomes

Outside of ER/ nuclear envelope: bound ribosomes

Mitochondria

Production of ATP by breaking down complex molecules

free ribosomes

DNA

Inner membrane (folded into cristae)

Matrix

intermembrane space

Plant Cell

Chloroplasts

Granum

stack of thylakoid

Nucleus

stores genetic material

DNA

Ribosomes

synthesize proteins

Thylakoid

Inner membrane spaces

Stroma (internal fluid)

equivalent of matrix in mitochondria

Vacuoles

-Central Vacuoles: serve as repository for inorganic ions (found in mature plant cells)

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nucleus

Vesicles

Golgi body