Creswell's framework for research design

Qualitative

It is based on social sciences like psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

Its methods reveal the behavior and perspective of study participants. Some qualitative research methods are:

One-on-one interview

Focus groups

Ethnographic research

Case study research

Record keeping

Observation

Quantitative

Experimental designs, non-experimental designs, such as surveys

Mixed methods

Sequential, concurrent, and transformative

The four major types of mixed methods designs are:

The Triangulation Design

The Embedded Design

The Explanatory Design

The Exploratory Design

Questions

Data collection

Data analysis

Interpretation

Write-up

Validation

Postpositivism

It is a deterministic and reductionistic philosophy that looks at the causes of an objective "real-world" outcome.

Constructivism

Researchers seek understanding of the world in which they live and work. It is subjective and thus, participants' views are studied.

Advocacy/participatory

This research worldview deals with policies and the way they affect participants.

Pragmatism

It aims at analyzing and understanding the research problem through multiple methods.

Qualitative research strategies (e.g., ethnography)

Grounded theory

Phenomenological research

Narrative research

Quantitative research strategies (e.g., experiments)

Primary quantitative research methods

Techniques and types of studies

Survey research

Cross-sectional surveys

Longitudinal surveys

Correlational research

Causal-comparative research

Experimental research

Data collection methodologies

Sampling methods

Probability sampling

Simple random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Cluster sampling

Systematic sampling

Non-probability sampling

Convenience sampling

Consecutive sampling

Quota sampling

Snowball sampling

Judgmental sampling

Using surveys and polls

Data analysis techniques

Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) analysis (a type of statistical analysis technique used by organizations)

Conjoint analysis (market analysis method)

Cross-tabulation (preliminary statistical market analysis method which establishes relationships, patterns, and trends within the various parameters of the research study)

Secondary quantitative research methods

Data available on the internet

Government and non-government sources

Public libraries

Educational institutions

Commercial information sources

Mixed methods strategies (e.g., sequential)

Sequential mixed methods

The researcher seeks to elaborate/expand on the findings of one method with another method.

Concurrent mixed methods

The researcher converges/merges quantitative and qualitative data in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research problem.

Transformative mixed methods

The researcher uses a theoretical lens as an overarching perspective within a design that contains both quantitative and qualitative data.