function
function
function
function
function
function
necessary for
makes
produces
activates and asks
high levels of
Occurs within
Occurs during
Has the ability to
Surrogate light chain
attempts
Second rearrangement
Rearrangement occurs within
First rearrangement occurs
First rearrangement
checkpoint
are possible for functionality
Occurs in
Occurs within
checkpoint
number of rearrangements
Second rearrangement
Surrogate light chain
Occurs within
Occurs in
First rearrangement
functions to
Leads to
activated by
C5 convertase
C3 convertase
C5 convertase
activated by
C3 convertase
activated by
means
which
Becomes
Becomes
T and B Lymphocytes are educated
Lock and Key Fit
specifically
involves
specifically
involves
involves
specifically
involves
Step 4
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
is called
cell goes
upregulates
no upregulation
upregulation of
bind
travel to
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
uses
involves binding of
initial binding of
3
2
1
deliver 3 signals for
Example
to present
Single Type of Unique Receptor
entry into
differentiate into
differentiate into
differentiate into
need
contains
secretes
leads to
which results in
which results in
and
which leads to
OR
increases
using
better
on
mutation
mutation
for a
occurs in
involves
involves
Amino acids determine
Binds only
Bind different patterns of
cleft formed by
Cleft formed by
Binds peptides by ends
Or
Binds
Binds along its length
Cleft formed by
Cleft formed by
contains
located on
located on
binds to
Step 4
OR
B cells differentiate into
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
recognize antigen
differentiate into
Place of Maturity
Functions
funtion
function
function
type
type
type
type
have
Extra fluid and cells
Fluid pushes on pain receptors
Vascular Permeability
Blood rushes in
Swelling
Pain
Redness
Heat
Allows for
Involves
Cytokines induce
Combats pathogens
tight binding
moderate binding
Location within organ
determines if
has
Cells that mediate it
Organ where it occurs
Stage where it occurs
moderate or strong binding
weak or no binding
Location within organ
determines if
has
Cells that mediate it
Organ where it occurs
developmental stage where it occurs
Leads to either
Leads to either
Location in organ
function
has
Cells that mediate
Organ where it occurs
stage where it occurs
location in organ
has
cells that mediate positive selection
organ where it occurs
developmental stage where it occurs
Leads to either
Leads to either
leads to
leads to
function
requires
Classified as
Immediate Response
Over time using memory
function of
Requires
Can occur
function of
pathway of
Consists of
Place of Maturity
binds to
IL-10
Specific Type
IL-4
or
go in and out of
Generally
Mature Here
If not of Adaptive Immunity, then
function of
Produce
C3 convertase
Consists of
pathway of
activates
Single Type of a Unique Receptor
activates
C5 convertase
Origin of adaptive immune response
Example
Specific Type
activates
Example
pathway of

Immune Responses

Adaptive Immunity

Lymphocytes

Selection Process

Checks that receptors don't become activated due to presence of self

B Cell Development

Positive Selection

Immature to Mature B Cell

Secondary Lymphoid Organ

B Cell Follicle

FDC's

Positive life signal, otherwise die in 3 days

No Receptor Editing

Negative Selection

Immature B Cell

Bone Marrow

B cells that bind soluble antigens within bone marrow

Any in bone marrow

Receptor Editing!

If responds to self cells: either apoptosis

T Cell Development

Positive Selection

Double Positive

Thymus

Cortex

Thymic Epithelial Cells

No receptor editing

Recognize self MHC

Dies

Lives

Negative Selection

Double Positive

Thymus

Throughout thymus, mostly corticomedullary junction and medulla

Any in thymus, DCs, macrophages

Receptor Editing!

MHC present self antigen

Lives

Dies

Innate Immunity

Generalized/ Nonspecific

Response to wide array of antigens

Inflammation

Calor

Increased heat up regulates immune response

Rubor

More cells into area of need

Dolor

Foreign invader notice

Tumor

Fluid enters site to attack pathogen

Pathogen Recognition
Receptors (PRR)

4 different types
and functions

Free receptors in
serum

Sense intracellular pathogens and
initiate inflammatory response

Membrane bound
phagocytic receptors

Sense potential pathogens
and initiate inflammatory response

Membrane bound
signaling receptors

Stimulate phagocytosis

Cytoplasmic signaling
receptors

Lysis, opsonization,
inflammation

Bone marrow stem cells

B-Lymphocyte

Bone Marrow

Plasma Cells

Activation of B cell

Cross-link Antigen

CR2

CD3

antigen

B cell

CD40

MHC II

alpha-1

beta-1

Length Unrestricted

More than 10 amino acids

MHC I

Size Restriction

8-10 Amino Acids

alpha-1

alpha-2

Anchor Residues

Which peptides bound to MHC

Memory Cell

Plasma Cell

Affinity Maturation

Centroblasts

Somatic Hypermutation

Point Mutations

FDC's

Selection

Isotype Switching

T Cells

Centrocytes

Germinal Center

Positively selected B cell

affinity for antigen

T cell Help

B cell cross linking

Plasma Cells

Memory cell

Negatively selected B cell

Apoptosis

T cell

Cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6

CD40 Ligand

Surface

Natural Killer Cells

T-Lymphocyte

APCs

Antigen

Macrophages

Clonal Expansion of Naive T Cells

Activation

MHC to TCR

Survival

CD28-B7

Differentiation

Cytokines tell cell what to turn into

Memory Cells

Helper T Cells

Cytotoxic T Cells

Activation of T Cell

Inflammatory Response

Activates macrophages and Dendritics

Processes MHC II

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

CD40L: CD40

CD28: B7

IL2 binds to IL-2R

Proliferate

CD28: B7

Anergent

Lymphoid Tissues

T Cell Trafficking

Rolling

Selectins

L-selectin

Activation

Chemokines

CCL21

Adhesion

Integrins

LFA-1

Diapedesis

Chemokines

CCL21 and CXL12

Clonal Selection Theory

Clones

Enters Circulation

Short-lived effector cells

Long-lived memory cells

Thymus

Dendritic Cells

Bone Marrow

Antibodies

bind to antigen and remove it

Recruitment

Opsonization

Coating of a pathogen by antibodies so phagocytic cells can destroy it

Direct lysis of pathogen

Lectin

Manose Binding Lectin

C4b2a

Classical

C1

C4b2a3b

Alternative

C3bBb

C3bBb3b

C3b (from other pathways)

Complement Cascade

CD4 T Cells

Generation of Diversity

B-Cell Development

Heavy chain

Early pre-B to large pre-B cell stage

Bone marrow

Lambda 5, VproB

Light chain

Bone marrow

Small pre-B cell stage

Many rearrangements

Immature B
Do light and heavy chain produce functional binding site?

2 Rearrangements

2 (4 if counting DJ and VD separately

Large pre-B
Is chain funtional?

Checks functionality of receptor

T-Cell Development

Beta chain

DN2

pTalpha

Thymus

Alpha Chain

Rearrange multiple times

DN4 to DP

Thymus

2 on each chromosome

Ways to Activate

Dendritic Cells

B7 activates CD8 T Cell

CD4 T Cell

APC

B7 and IL-2 to activate CD8 T Cell

CD4 T Cell

IL-2

CD8 to proliferate

Types

CD8 Cytotoxic T cells

Kill virally infected cells

CD4 TH1

Activate infected macrophages and help B cells in antibody production

CD4 TH2

Parasitic and allergies. Helps B cells produce antibodies

CD4 TH17

Enhance neutrophil response. Promote barrier integrity

TFH

Help isotype switching of B cells

T Reg

Inhibits immature dendritic cells

Phagocytes