Language Learning Strategies Classification

Direct Strategies

Creating mental linkages

Applying images and sounds

Reviewing well

Employing action

Practising

Receiving and sending messages

Analysing and reasoning

Creating structure for input and output

Guessing intelligently

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Indirect Strategies

Centring your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

Evaluating your learning

Lowering your anxiety

Encouraging yourself

Taking your emotional temperature

Asking questions

Cooperating with others

Empathising with others

Direct Strategies

Planning

Prioritizing

Setting goals

Self-management

Clarification / Verification

Guessing / Inductive inferencing

Deductive reasoning

Practice

Memorization

Monitoring

Indirect Strategies

Getting meaning across

Asking for clarification

Making use of linguistic or communicative
knowledge to remain in the conversation

Engaging in activities to practise knowledge

Metacognitive Strategies

Advance organizers

Directed attention

Selective attention

Self-management

Functional planning

Self-monitoring

Delayed production

Self-evaluation

Cognitive Strategies

Repetition

Resourcing

Translation

Grouping

Note taking

Deduction

Recombination

Imagery

Auditory representation

Key word

Contextualization

Elaboration

Transfer

Inferencing

Socioaffective Strategies

Cooperation

Question for clarification