Nationalism
Radicals, Liberals, & Conservitives
Radicals
Wanted violent change.
Liberals
Wanted political reforms.
Conservitives
Wanted things to go back to the old way.
Otto Von Bismarack
Kaiser Wilhelm's Chancellor.
Kaiser Wilhelm
King of Prussia.
Led independence movements
Jose de San Martin
Liberator of Argentina
Liberator of Chile
Liberator of Peru
Spanish South America
Simón Bolívar
Led his people's fight for independence from Spain.
Fought the Spanish joining forces & forcing the Spanish to recognize South America independence.
Spanish South America
Bernardo Higgins
Chilean independence leader who, freed Chile from Spanish rule.
Spanish South America
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution. His ability to make good judgments and quick decisions led to the establishment of the independent black state of Haiti, transforming an entire society of slaves into free, self-governing people.
Haiti
Miguel Hidalgo
Preached Mexican independence & led rebel army.
Mexico
Led lower classes to fight for Mexican Independence. Both were defeted by Spanish army & Creoles.
Jose Morelos
Mexican Mestizo priest, fought for political reforms, including the abolition of slavery & led the revolution after Hidalgo's defeat.
Mexico
King John VI
Ruled the Portuguese Empire from Brazi during Napoleonic wars.
Brazil
Dom Pedro
Asked to rule an independent Brazil.
Portuguese prince who was left to rule Brazil when his father returned to Portugal.
Brazil
Camillo Di Cavour
A leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.
Napoleon III
Napoleon III three costly mistakes
Continental System:
Stopped all the trade between
Europe & Great Britain.
Guerilla war in Spain:
Put his brother on throne.
Invasion of Russia:
He loses his army to starvation & cold.
Italy
Since the middle ages Italy had been a collection of provinces, small kingdoms & city states. From the early to the mid-1800's, Austria ruled much of Italy, with the pope controling the central region around Rome.
Garibaldi / Red Shirts
Red shirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy.
Rotten Boroughs
Rotten boroughs were found in England before the 1832 Reform Act ended them.
Great Reform Bill
An Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England & Wales. According to its preamble, the act was designed to "take effectual measures for correcting divers abuses that have long prevailed in the choice of members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament."
Junker
was an often pejorative designation for a member of the landed nobility in Prussia and eastern Germany
Realpolitik
Realpolitik is used to describe modest (realistic) politics
Artistic Movements
Romanticism
Emphasized feelings. Idealized the past. Cherished traditions.
Valued the common people & the individual.
(In literature, music, & art.)
Realism
The rejection of Romanticism, instead it's a movement that embraces life as it is. (In literature & art.)
Impressionism
Gives artist "impression" of a moment in time.
Uses light & colors to capture a moment.
Showed the "happier" times of life. (An art form.)
Nation, State, Nation-State
Nation
A group of people who share a common bond but without common land.
State
An area of land occupied by diverse peoples.
Nation-State
A group of people with a common bond living in the same area.
Spanish Colonial Society
Peninsulares
.1%
People of full spanish descent born in Spain.
Creoles
22.8%
People of pure European descent born in the Americas.
Mestizo
7.3%
People of mixed European & American Indian descent.
Mulattos
7.6%
People of mixed African & European descent.
Slaves
Esclavos
6.4%
Held a non-respected position in society,
above Native Americans because they didn't know the land as well as the natives did.
Native Americans
Americanos Indígenos
55.8%
Held a non-respected position in society.
Wars
Danish War
Denmark fought Prussia & Austria.
Austro Prussian War
Prussia governed Schleswig, & Austria goverened Holstein.
Schleswig-Holstein
Franco-Prussian War
A dispute between France & Prussia about whether a Prussian prince would rule Spain set off the war.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
An Italian general & politician.
Germany / Reich
Reich is one of the three major German empires that have existed.
Giuseppe Mazzini Also known as
"The Beating Heart of Italy"
An Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy. His efforts helped bring about the independent & unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.
Young Italy
Young Italy was a political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. The goal of this movement was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire.