SBI 4U
METABOLIC PROCESSES
METABOLISM
ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY AND CHEMICAL BONDS
ENERGY CHANGES DURING CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
BOND ENERGIES
ACTIVATION ENERGY
TRANSITION STATE
REACTANT BONDS BREAK
PRODUCT BONDS FORMED
TYPES OF REACTIONS
EXOTHERMIC
RELEASE HEAT ENERGY TO
THE SURROUNDINGS
TEMPERATURE INCREASE WITH
REACTION PROGRESS
ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS IS HIGHER
THAN THE PRODUCTS
ENTHALPY CHANGE IS A NEGATIVE
VALUE
ENERGY IS RELEASED FROM THE
SYSTEM
ENDOTHERMIC
ABSORB HEAT FROM THE
SURROUNDINGS
TEMPERATURE DECREASE WITH
REACTION PROGRESS
ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS IS LOWER THAN
THE PRODUCTS
ENTHALPY CHANGE IS A POSITIVE
VALUE
ENERGY SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE SYSTEM
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENTROPHY
CHANGES
SPONTANEOUS
NON-SPONTANEOUS
GIBBS FREE ENERGY
EXERGONIC REACTION
NEGATIVE FREE ENERGY
ENDERGONIC REACTIO
POSITIVE FREE ENERGY
COUPLED REACTIONS
CATABOLIC PATHWAY
ANABOLIC REACTIONS
ATP
CONSISTS OF:
ADENINE
RIBOSE
CHAIN OF THREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS
HYDROLYSIS
REPULSION OF NEGATIVE CHARGED PHOSPHATE BONDS
ATP EASILY BROKEN DOWN BY CATALYZED
REACTION WITH H2O.
EXERGONIC
ENERGY COUPLING
PHOSPHORYLATION
SYNTHESIS
ATP SYNTHESIS FROM ADP AND P
ENDERGONIC
UNIVERSAL ENERGY CURRENCY
ENZYMES AND ACTIVATION ENERGY
CHARACTERISTICS
DO'S
LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY
INCREASES RATE OF SPONTANEOUS
REACTION
DO NOT
ALTER PRODUCTS OF REACTIONS
SUPPLY FREE ENERGY TO REACTION
MAKE AN ENDERGONIC REACTION
PROCEED SPONTANEOUSLY
RAPID COMBUSTION
LARGE ACTIVATION ENERGY
FREE ENERGY AS THERMAL ENERGY
CONTROLLED OXIDATION
SMALL ACTIVATION ENERGY
LOWERED BY ENZYMES
OVERCOME BY BODY TEMPERATURE
ENERGY TRANSFERRED
CARRIER MOLECULES
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MITOCHONDRIA
OUTER MEMBRANE
INNER MEMBRANE
FOLDS
CRISTAE
CHEMIOSMOSIS
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+ CONCENTRATION
PATHWAYS
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
FERMENTATION
ALCOHOL
LACTIC ACID
GLYCOLYSIS
LOCATION
CYTOSOL (CYTOPLASM)
GOAL
BREAKDOWN GLUCOSE
PRODUCTS
PYRUVATE
2
NADH
2
ATP
4
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
PYRUVATE
ACETYL CoA
INPUT
PYRUVATE
2
NAD+
2
CoA
2
OUTPUT
NADH
2
CARBON DIOXIDE
2
ACETYL CoA
2
KREBS CYCLE
LOCATION
MATRIX
GOAL
MAKE
NADH
FADH2
PRODUCTS
NADH
3
FADH2
1
ATP
1
CARBON DIOXIDE
1
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
LOCATION
CRISTAE
GOAL
GET ATP FROM NADH/FADH2
HOW?
CHEMIOSMOSIS
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
NADH/FADH2 OXIDIZED
OXYGEN
FINAL OXIDIZING AGENT
FORMS H2O
WITH H+
PROTON PUMP
CREATES pH/ELECTRIC GRADIENT
H+ TRANSPORTED TO INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
ATP SYNTHASE
H+ FLOWS BACK INTO MATRIX
ENERGY
ADP PHOSPHORIZED
ATP FORMED
PRODUCTS
ATP
32
ANAEROBIC
LACTIC
GLUCOSE
PURUVATE
LACTATE
ALCOHOL
GLUCOSE
PYRUVATE
ACETYLALDEHYDE
ETHANOL
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT AND PIGMENTS
LIGHT
RADIANT ENERGY
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
PHOTONS
PIGMENTS
CHLOROPHYLL
CAROTENOIDS
PHOTOSYSTEMS
CHLOROPHYLL A & B
REACTION CENTRE
P700
P680
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AUTOTROPHS
LEAF STRUCTURE
MESOPHYLL
EPIDERMIS
STOMA
GUARD CELLS
WAX CUTICLE
CHLOROPLASTS
THYLAKOIDS
STROMA
LUMEN
GRANUM
INNER/OUTER MEMBRANE
LIGHT REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH & H+
CALVIN CYCLE
GLUCOSE
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
P700
ATP
NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
PHOTOSYSTEM I
FERREDOXIN
STROMA
PHOTOSYSTEM II
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
Z-ENZYME
CHEMIOSMOSIS
ATP
LUMEN
PROTONS
CALVIN CYCLE
CARBON FIXATION
RuBP
PGA
REDUCTION
PGAP
G3P
REGENERATION
ATP & G3P
BIOCHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS
ELEMENTS
COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC
INORGANIC
ISOTOPES
RADIOISOTOPES
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS
HALF LIFE
HARMFUL/HELPFUL
CHEMICAL BONDS
INTRAMOLECULAR BONDS
COVALENT
POLAR
NONPOLAR
INTERMOLECULAR BONDS
IONIC
HYDROGEN
VAN DER WAALS
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
DISPERSION FORCES
ATOMIC NUMBER
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
DIAGRAMS
STANDARD
BOHR-RUTHERFORD
LEWIS
REACTIONS
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
REDOX
BIOCHEMICAL REACTION
MACROMOLECULES
MONOMERS
POLYMERS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
OXIDATION
CONDENSATION
HYDROLYSIS
NEUTRALIZATION
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
CARBON CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC
SYNTHETIC
CHEMISTRY STRUCTURES
MOLECULAR
STRUCTURAL
SKELETAL
HYDROXYL
SULFHYDRYL
CARBONYL
PHOSPHATE
AMINO ACID
HYDROCARBONS
CARBOHYDRATES
COMPLEX
POLYSACCHARIDES
DIETARY FIBER
STARCH
CELLULOSE
GLYCOGEN
CHITIN
GLYCOCIDIC BONDS
ALPHA
BETA
SIMPLE
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
CARBONYL
ALDEHYDE
KETONE
LIPIDS
FATTY ACIDS
LENGTH OF CARBON CHAIN
LOCATION OF DOUBLE BOND
ORIENTATION OF HYDROGEN AROUND DOUBLE BONDS
SATURATION
HYDROGENATION
DEGREE OF SATURATION
TYPES
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
STEROLS/STEROIDS
WAXES
PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
POLAR
NONPOLAR
ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
PEPTIDE BOND
POLYPEPTIDE
RENATURATION
DENATURATION
STRUCTURE
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
QUATERNARY
NUCLEIC ACID
NUCLEOTIDES
NITROGEN BASES
PENTOSE SUGARS
PURINES
PYRIMIDINES
PHOSPHATE GROUP
RNA
SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE
DNA
DOUBLE NUCLEOTIDE
HYDROGEN BONDS
ENZYMES
ACTIVATION ENERGY
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ACTIVITY
ENVIRONMENT
TEMPERATURE
pH
COFACTORS/COENZYMES
ORGANIC
INORGANIC
REGULATION
COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
ALLOSTERIC
CATALYST
LOCK AND KEY
INDUCED FIT
CELL TRANSPORT
ACTIVE
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
BULK
HYPOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
ISOTONIC
EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS
PASSIVE
OSMOSIS
SIMPLE
FACILITATED
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
CELL MEMBRANE
PHOSPHOLIPID
GLYCOLIPID
NEUTRAL LIPID
FLUIDITY
TEMPERATURE
DOUBLE BONDS
CHOLESTROL
FATTY ACID TAIL LENGTH
PROTEINS
PERIPHERAL
INTEGRAL
HOMEOSTASIS
INTRO TO HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
STIMULUS
SENSOR
INTEGRATOR
EFFECTOR
RESPONSE
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
THERMOREGULATION
ECTOTHERMS
DEPENDENT OF OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE
ENDOTHERMS
MAINTAIN INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GLANDS
PITUITARY GLAND
PINEAL GLAND
THYROID GLAND
THYMUS
ADRENAL GLANDS
PANCREAS
TESTES
OVARIES
HORMONES
HOW THEY TRAVEL
THROUGH THE BLOODSTREAM
RECEPTORS
TYPES OF HORMONES
STEROID HORMONES
MADE FROM LIPIDS
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
NONPOLAR
PROTEIN HORMONES
MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS
INSULIN
ADH
FSH
LH
GH
CAN'T PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
SECRETING CELLS
TARGET CELLS
PITUITARY GLAND
BASE OF HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR LOBE
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
GH
PROLACTIN
PRODUCES ITS OWN
POSTERIOR LOBE
OXYTOCIN
VASOPRESSIN
ADH
STORES HORMONES
DIRECT CONNECTION TO HYPOTHALAMUS
HORMONES THAT AFFECT METABOLISM
THYROID
THYROXINE
4 IODINE ATOMS
TRIIODOTHYRONINE
3 IODINE ATOMS
THYROID RELEASING HORMONE
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
CALCITONIN
LOWERS CA+ CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD
DISORDERS
HYPOTHYROIDISM
DRY HAIR
PUFFY FACE
BRITTLE NAILS
SLOW HEARTBEAT
FATIGUE
HYPERTHYROIDISM
HAIR LOSS
BULGING EYES
RAPID HEARTBEAT
SOFT NAILS
DIFFICULTY SLEEPING
GOITER
PARATHYROID
PTH
CONTROLS CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS IN BLOOD
UNDERPRODUCTION
DISTURBS NERVE AND MUSCLE
FUNCTION
OVERPRODUCTION
OSTEOPOROSIS
ANTERIOR LOBE
ADRENAL MEDULLA
EPHINEPRINE
SHORT TERM STRESS RESPONSE
INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
INCREASED HEART RATE
INCREASED METABOLIC RATE
ADRENAL CORTEX
CORTISOLS
LONG TERM STRESS RESPONSE
WATER AND SODIUM RETENTION IN KIDNEYS
SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR
HORMONES THAT AFFECT BLOOD SUGAR
PANCREAS
RELEASE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
HORMONES REGULATING BLOOD SUGAR
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
ALPHA CELLS
GLUCAGON
INCREASES BLOOD SUGAR
BETA CELLS
INSULIN
DECREASES BLOOD SUGAR
DIABETES
SYMPTOMS
FATIGUE
GLUCOSE IN URINE
FREQUENT URINATION
EXCESSIVE THIRST
TYPES
TYPE 1
BETA CELLS DESTROYED BY BODY
TYPE 2
TARGET CELLS DO NO RESPOND OR
DECREASED LEVELS OF INSULIN
GESTATIONAL
TEMPORARY IN PREGNANT WOMEN
URINARY SYSTEM
KIDNEYS
RENAL CORTEX
RENAL ARTERY
RENAL VEIN
RENAL PELVIS
RENAL MEDULLA
NEPHRONS
GLOMERULS
BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
LOOP OF HENLE
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
COLLECTING DUCT
BLOOD CAPILLARIES
URINE FORMATION
FILTRATION
GLOMERULUS
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
DIAMETER DIFFERENCE
PRESSURE
BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
FILTRATE
WATER
UREA
PROTEIN METABOLISM
SODIUM
CHLORINE
POTASSIUM
GLUCOSE
AMINO ACIDS
REABSORPTION
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
GLUCOSE
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
CALCIUM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
CHLORINE
H2O
LOOP OF HENLE
DESCENDING LOOP
AQUAPORINS
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
H2O
ASCENDING LOOP
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
SALTS
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
SALTS
KIDNEY TISSUES
MITOCHONDRIA
ATP FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT
SECRETION
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
SALTS
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
H2O
SECRETION
DRUGS
ANTIBIOTICS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
HYDROGEN IONS
COLLECTING DUCTS
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
UREA
H2O
HORMONAL CONTROL OF WATER BALANCE
COLLECTING DUCTS
ALDOSTERONE
PRODUCED BY ADRENAL CORTEX
RELEASE WHEN
HIGH LEVEL OF POTASSIUM IN BLOOD
LOW LEVEL OF SODIUM
INCREASE
SODIUM REABSORPTION
POTASSIUM SECRETION
STIMULATES HUNGER
ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE
PRODUCED BY HYPOTHALAMUS
STORED IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY
WHEN WATER LEVEL IS LOW
HYPOTHALAMUS DIRECTS POSTERIOR
PITUITARY TO RELEASE ADH
ADH MAKES WALLS OF COLLECTING DUCT
PERMEABLE TO WATER
EFFECT OF CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL
CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL
INHIBIT RELEASE OF ADH
LESS PERMEABLE TO WATER
WALLS OF DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
WALLS OF COLLECTING DUCTS
CALLED DIURETICS
MORE URINE PRODUCTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURONS
COMPONENTS
DENDRITES
AXON
SOMA
MYELIN SHEATH
SCHWANN CELLS
NODE OF RANVIER
TYPES OF NEURONS
SENSORY
MOTOR
INTERNEURON
GLIAL CELLS
DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICAL
IMPULSE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
MADE UP OF MOTOR NEURONS
CARRY SIGNALS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
INCREASE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
PREPARES BODY FOR ACTION
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
STIMULATES BODY ACTIVITIES
CONSERVE ENERGY
REGULATES INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
BRAIN MATTER
REFLEX ARC
MOLECULAR GENETICS
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
NUCLEOTIDES
PENTOSE SUGAR
PHOSPHATE GROUP
NITROGENOUS BASES
PURINES
DOUBLE RINGS
ADENINE
GUANINE
PYRIMIDINES
SINGLE RINGS
THYMINE
CYTOSINE
PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
GLYCOCIDIC BONDS
HYDROGEN BONDS
3 HYDROGEN BONDS
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
2 HYDROGEN BONDS
ADENINE
THYMINE
NO OXYGEN ON CARBON 2
ATOMS
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
CARBON
PHOSPHORUS
ANTI PARALLEL ORIENTATION
5' TO 3' DIRECTION
DOUBLE STRANDED
DISTANCE
BETWEEN 2 STRANDS
2 NANOMETER
BETWEEN 2 STEPS
0.34 NANAOMETER
ONE COMPLETE TWIST
3.4 NANOMETER
10 BASES IN ONE TWIST
LOOSELY COILED DNA
WRAPPED AROUND HISTONES
CHROMATIN
COILED DNA
LOOSELY
WRAPPED AROUND HISTONES
CHROMATIN
SUPER COILED
CHROMOSOMES
CHROMATID
SEPARATE DURING ANAPHASE
FOUND IN NUCLEUS
CARRIES GENETIC INFORMATION
DEVELOPMENT
FUNCTIONING
REPRODUCTION
RNA
NUCLEOTIDE
RIBOSE SUGAR
NITROGENOUS BASES
ADENINE
URACIL
CYTOSINE
GUANINE
PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
GLYCOCIDIC BONDS
PHOSPHATE GROUP
SMALLER THAN DNA
SINGLE STRANDED
INVOLED
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION
CODING
LESS PRONE TO UV DAMAGE
MOSTLY FOUND IN CYTOPLASM
OXYGEN PRESENT ON CARBON 2
ANTI PARALLEL DIRECTION
5' TO 3' DIRECTION
GENE
46 DNA MOLECULES
FORMS OF A GENE
ALLELE
COMPLETE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS
SCIENTISTS AND THEIR EXPERIMENTS
FREDERICK GRIFFITH
PNEUMONIA
2 TYPES
SMOOTH COLONIES
ROUGH COLONIES
HYPOTHESIS
MATERIAL IN DEAD BACTERIAL CELL CAN TRANSFORM
LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS
METHOD
LIVING SMOOTH
MOUSE DIED
LIVING ROUGH
MOUSE LIVED
HEAT KILLED SMOOTH
MOUSE LIVED
MIX HEAT KILLED SMOOTH AND LIVING ROUGH
MOUSE DIED
CONCLUSION
A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE FROM ONE CELL IS
GENETICALLY TRANSFORMING ANOTHER CELL
AVERY, MCLEOD AND MCCARTY
CONFIRMED GRIFFITH'S EXPERIMENT
METHOD
5 TESTUBES
ADDED HEAT KILLED SMOOTH AND
ROUGH BACTERIA
ADDED ENZYMES DESTROYING
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
RNA
DNA
CONCLUSION
DNA IS THE TRANSFORMING AGENT
HERSHEY AND CHASE
USED A BACTERIOPHAGE
METHOD
LABELLED DNA
RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS
LABELLED PROTEIN COAT
RADIOACTIVE SULFUR
USING A CENTRIFUGE
DNA IN BACTERIOPHAGE
NO PROTEIN COAT IN BACTERIOPAGE
USED E.COLI
CONCLUSION
DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
HYPOTHESIS
IF DNA OR PROTEIN IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
WATSON AND CRICK
MODEL OF DNA
ERWIN CHARGAFF
CHARGAFF'S RULE
AMOUNT OF GUANINE IS EQUAL
TO AMOUNT OF CYTOSINE
AMOUNT OF THYMINE IS EQUAL
TO AMOUNT OF ADENINE
WILKINS AND FRANKLIN
USED X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
SHAPE OF DNA
HELICAL STRUCTURE
DNA REPLCATION
HOW IS DNA REPLICATED
SEMICONSERVATIVE
CONSERVATIVE
DISPERSIVE
PROCESS OF DNA REPLICATION
REPLICATION BUBBLE
UNWINDING DNA
HELICASES
SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS
TOPOISOMERASE
BUILDING COMPLIMENTARY STRANDS
PRIMASE
DNA POLYMERASE III
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
DNA POLYMERASE I
DNA LIGASE
5' TO 3' DIRECTION
LAGGING STRAND
DISCONTINUOUSLY
AWAY FROM REPLICATION FORK
LEADING STRAND
CONTINUOUSLY
TOWARD REPLICATION FORK
DNA REPAIR
PROOFREAD
DNA POLYMERASE I & III
ACT AS NUCLEASE
CUT OUT INCORRECT NUCLEOTIDE
ADD THE CORRECT NUCLEOTIDE
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
KEY PLAYERS
DNA
RNA
MESSENGER RNA
TRANSFER RNA
RIBOSOMAL RNA
RIBOSOMES
AMINO ACIDS
CENTRAL DOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
PROMOTER REGION
RNA POLYMERASE
ELONGATION
RNA POLYMERASE READS DNA STRAND
TERMINATION
RNA POLYMERASE ENDS AT TERMINATION SEQUENCE
POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS
ADDITION OF 5' CAP
GUANINE
ADDITION OF POLY A TAIL
ADENINE
SPLICING
REMOVAL OF INTRONS
JOINING OF EXONS
ONE GENE ONE ENZYME
TRANSLATION
KEY PLAYERS
mRNA
ADENINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
URACIL
RIBOSOMES
E SITE
EXIT
P SITE
GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
A SITE
ACCEPTOR OF tRNA
RIBOSOMAL SUB UNIT
AMINO ACIDS
tRNA
ANTICODON REGION
AMINO ACID CARRIER
RELEASE FACTOR
INITIATION
START CODON
ELONGATION
TRNASLATION
STOP CODON
MUTATION
MUTAGENS
CARCINOGENS
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPONENTS
RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS
POINT MUTATIONS
SILENT MUTATIONS
MISSENSE MUTATIONS
NONSENSE MUTATIONS
FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
DELETION
TRANSLOCATION
DUPLICATION
INVERSION
CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSIONS
HOUSEKEEPING GENES
OPERONS
LAC OPERON
COMPONENTS
REGULATORY GENE
REGULATORY PROTEIN
LACI
REPRESSOR
mRNA
RNA POLYMERASE
OPERATOR
PROMOTER
GENES
LACZ
BETA GALACTOSIDASE
LACY
PERMEASE
LACA
TRANSACETYLASE
INDUCER MOLECULE
LACTOSE
INDUCIBLE SYSTEM
TRP OPERON
TO PRODUCE TRYPTOPHAN
COMPONENTS
REGULATORY GENE
REPRESSOR PROTEIN
trpR
mRNA
RNA POLYMERASE
OPERATOR
PROMOTER
REPRESSOR MOLECULE
TRYPTOPHAN
REPRESSIBLE SYSTEM
GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
PALINDROME GENE SEQUENCE
DNA SCISSORS
ORIGINATE FROM BACTERIA
NAMES
EcoRI
R STRAIN OF E.COLI BACTERIA
I FROM FIRST E.COLI
BamHI
SmaI
AluI
HhaI
HaeIII
PRODUCES
BLUNT ENDS
EQUAL NUMBER OF BASES
STICKY ENDS
UNEQUAL NUMBER OF BASES
USEFUL
RECOMBINANT DNA
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
PLASMID MAPPING
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS
DENATURING
HEAT DNA STRAND
SINGLE STRAND
ANNEALING
COOL
PRIMERS ADDED
ELONGATION
DNA POLYMERASE
EXTEND THE PRIMERS
Taq POLYMERASE
Thermus acquaticus
CYCLE REPEAT
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
DNA FINGERPRINTING
DNA EXTRACTION
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
CODING REGION
NONCODING REGION
VARIABLE NUMBER TANDEM REPEATS
DIFFER BY:
NUMBER OF FRAGMENTS
SIZE OF FRAGMENTS
SAME FRAGMENTS SIZE
TWINS
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
COMPONENTS
ELECTROPHORESIS CHAMBER
AGAROSE GEL
POROUS
DNA MANEUVER
WELLS
LOADING DNA FRAGMENTS
ELECTRODES AND WIRES
CATHODE
ANODE
NEGATIVE CHARGE OF PHOSPHATE IN DNA
DNA FRAGMENTS MOVE FROM
CATHODE TO ANODE
DNA FRAGMENTS
ETHIDIUM BROMIDE
FLUORESCENT IMAGE
UV LIGHT
SHOWS BANDING PATTERN
USES
SOLVE CRIMES
TEST PATERNITY
IDENTIFICATION
CAUTION
DOES NOT PROVE GUILT
GENETIC ENGINEERING
MANIPULATION OF ORGANISMS DNA
USES
CROPS PEST RESISTANT
FROST/DROUGHT RESISTANT
MASS PRODUCTION OF INSULIN
IMPROVE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOODS
SPEED UP GROWTH RATE
TRANSFORMATIONS
REQUIRE PLASMIDS
STEPS
RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS GENE
SAME RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS PLASMID
STICKY ENDS
FOREIGN AND PLASMID DNA
ANNEAL
RECOMBINANT DNA
WITH ANITBIOTIC RESISTANCE
IN COOLED SOLUTION OF CALCIUM
CA+ INTERACTS WITH NEGATIVE CHARGE
PHOSPHATE ON CELL MEMBRANE
HEAT SHOCKING
CAUSES A DRAFT
SWEEPS THE ENGINEERED PLASMID
HOW TO KNOW THAT TRANSFORMATION
OCCURED?
BACTERIA WITH ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT
SURVIVES
BACTERIA WITHOUT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT
NOT SURVIVE