The Human Body Systems

Circulatory System

Blood Vessels

Capillaries

Continuous capillaries

The smallest blood vessels, responsible for connecting your arteries to your veins and support your brain, endocrine system, kidneys, lungs and the small intestines

Fenestrated capillaries

Blood vessels with tiny pores, or holes, which allow larger molecules and proteins to move from your blood into organs, usually found in kidneys, intestines and pancreas

Sinusoid Capillaries

Allow for exchange of larger molecules, even cells since they are a type of capillary vessels with a wider diameter, found in endocrine glands, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and liver

Unoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

Pulmonary Veins

Blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Systemic Veins

Low Oxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

Oxegenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Pulmonary Arteries

Blood from the Right Ventricle to the lungs so it can be oxygenated

Systemic Arteries

Blood from the Left Ventricle to the rest of the body

4 Chambers

Right Side

Left Side

Endocrine System

Glands

Male testes

Creates sperm cells and a hormone called testosterone responsible for maturity and puberty

Only found in males

Plays a huge role in the development of the human body by making sure the thyroid hormones are steady in the bloodstream

Produce adrenaline, aldosterone and cortisol

Triggers the bodies fight or flight response and causes the air passages to dilate and provide more nutrients and oxygen to the bodies muscles

Steroid that plays the main role in regulating the slat and water in the body which effects the blood pressure

Stress hormone which increases sugars in the bloodstream and enhances your brains use of glucose and substances that repair tissues

Female ovaries

Responsible for creating egg cells called ova occytes

Females

Parasagittal plane

Supraoptic

Create and secrete the peptide hormone vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, responsible for controlling the body's blood pressure, sodium regulation and kidney function

Tuberal

Controls the feeding impulses

Mammillary

Controls memory, mainly recollective memory which begains with hippocampus located in the brain

Ventromedial

Controls fear, thermoregulation and sexual activity

Medial lateral

Pervinitluclar

Aging of the human body

Medial

Decision making

Lateral

Movements, pressure, vibrations and spatial awareness

Pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland (front side)

Kidney function

During birth or labor

Signals to the mammary glands to produce milk

Posterior pituitary gland (back side)

Adrenal (produces adrenaline) and Cortex (produces cortisol)

Growth hormones

Cushing disease

Occurs when your body produces too much cortisol

Noncancerous tumor on the adrenal which gets worse without proper treatment

Severe fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, anxiety, loss of emotional control, high blood pressure, headaches and infections

Radiation from an external device

The human skin and bone

The DNA

Tumor

Hormones

The bodies chemical messenger

Excretory System

Removes wastes and extra fluids from the body, they also remove acid created by your cells and help maintain your calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium

Left kidney

Calyx

Collects fluids from the nephron before it passes through the bladder, extra fluids become urine in here as well

Renal cortex

Protects the inner structure of the kidney, mainly the pyramids and nephron

Pyramids

Carries urine from the nephron to the calyx before it reaches the baldder

Capsule

Protects the kidney from the outside and helps support the kidneys mass

Simple two step process where the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns the needed substances back into the blood while also removing the waste creating urine

Right kidney

Kidney stones

When the many pathways in the kidney (mainly uterus) get blocked by clumps of sodium or salt causing the kidney to malfunction

When someone drinks too little or too much water, exercise too little or too much, obesity, weight loss surgery and eating foods with lots of sodium or sugar. On rare occasions it can be caused by a malfunction in the thyroid gland

Severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and blood in your urine

Drinking lots of water, pain relievers and medical therapy for small sized stones

Ureters

Left ureter

Tubes that propel urine from the kidneys into the bladder, usually 20-30cm long and 4 mm in diameter

Right ureter

Connected by both ureters and is made of smooth muscles that expand and compress to store urine and push it out of the urethra

Urethra

Tube which carries urine out of the human body, its a long tube which passes through the penis in the male body and also carries semen, while in the female body it is a small hole located abou the vagina

Integumentary System

Dermis

Oil and sweat glands

Disposes water with salt to lower body temperature, as the water in the sweat evaporates it cools the body down since it takes it heat

everywhere in the body, mostly found in the forehead, arm pits and palms

Tunnel shaped structure in the dermis and epidermis which grows hair in the bottom of it, this hair then pushes up through the skin

Anagen, also known as the growth phase, is when the hair starts growing from the root and usually takes 3-7 years

Catagen, also known as the transitional phase, is when the growth slows down and the follicles shrinks, usually lasts 2-4 months

Telogen, also known as the resting phase, is when the old hair falls out and the new hair begins to grow from the same follicle, this takes around 2-4 months. These phases repeat constantly

When the hair is unable to push through the skin, usually due to Fungai or infections, a red or white pimple grows around the hair follicles

Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, iron, zinc and proteins

Protects body, supports epidermis, provides elasticity to the skin, a sense of touch since the nerves are located in the dermis, and heat

Hypodermis

Connective tissues

Made from fibroblast cells as they help maintain the structural framework of tissues

Supports organ structure and helps connect other tissues and organs in the body

Cells, fibers and gel like substance

Adipose

Commonly known as body fat and is used to store excess nutrients as fat and is also used as a type of shield

Macrophages

Macrophages are a type of white cells which fight off unknown organisims such as fungai, viruses and bacteria when the tissue is injured

Located on the bottom and connects the skin to the bones and muscles

Epidermis

Corneum

The topmost layer of skin, thickness varies and it plays the first line of defense against other organisms

Lucidum

Only present in thicker layers of skin such as palms and soles

Granulosum

Uses a chemical called glycolipids to glue skin cells together

Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis, creates keratinocytes which when exposed to sunlight helps create protein, lipids and vitamin D

Melanocytes

Creates melanin which is a group of pigments which provide us with our skin colour

Protects the body from harm such as UV radiation, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and chemicals.

Skin cancer

Small smooth waxy bumps on the face, ears, and neck. Flat pink/red or brown colored lesion on arms and/or legs. Areas on the skin look like scars. Sores that look crusty and bleed often

Overexposure to sunlight, usually because of a low amount of body oil, which causes the UV rays from the sun to damage to DNA in the skin, causing abnormal cells to grow. These cells can divide in a disorganized manner which creates a mass of cancer cells

Cryosurgery

Is Frozen

Skin is cut off

Cancer from Spreading

Liquid Nitrogen

Hair

Protects against external factors, creates sebum, apocrine sweat, and pheromones and helps regulate body heat by trapping heat

Sebum, also known as natural oils, protects, moisturizes and coats your skin

Pheromones are a type of chemical which hair creates in other animals of the same species which helps in mate finding and looking attractive

Protect the sensitive tips of our fingers and toes, and help use do small things such as pick up small objects scratching and untying knots

Nails start growing at root under the cuticle (also known as nail bed) and when new cells grow, it pushes older cells forward which allows our nails to keep regrowing. When the cells leave the cuticle they die and harden turning into nails

Keratin

Type of protein that makes up your hair, skin and nails

Immune System

Your body from foreign invaders and certain diseases

Found almost everywhere in the world, there are good types and dangerous types of bacteria

Can live outside of a host (Air, Surfaces) Thrive and stay alive by affecting other cells, making copies of its self.

Are organism which lives inside a host organisms (Human Body) Recieve energy by feeding on the internal organs of a host

Muscular System

Internal Organs and Structures

Walls of Internal Organs

Walls of Vessels

Layered sheets

In Voluntary Muscels

Under our control and are involuntary actions

Myosin Myofilaments

Striated Muscles

Stripped Appearance

Tissue that is attached to bones and allows movement

Opposing Pairs

Antagonistic Pairs

Muscle Contracts

Agonist Muscle

Muscle Relaxes

Antagonist

Biceps and Triceps

Quadriceps and Hamstrings

The Muscles in the heart

Myopathy

Muscle Weakness

Dysfunction of muscle fibers

Struggle and stiffness of muscles

If it affects the Heart/Cardiac Muscles

The Heart struggling to work

Heart Failure

Scan Tissues

Muscle Diseases

Electromagnetic signals that are produced by the atomic nuclei inside teh molecules of a muscle tissue

Joints

Proper Muscle Function

Bones

The strengthining of Bones

Nervous System

Peripheral nervous system

Somatic nervous system

connects the central nervous system to the muscles throughout the body

Sensory neurons

moves information from the body to the Central nervous system

Motor neurons

Moves information from the brain and spinal cord to the fibers and muscles in the body

Regulates involuntary actions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, body temperature and sexual arousal

Sympathetic nervous system

Responsible for increasing heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure and creating sweat in stressful situations driving the "fight or flight" conditions

The center of the spinal cord

Parasympathetic nervous system

Responsible for conserving energy to complete involuntary actions and drives the "rest and digest" conditions in quiet situations

The top and bottom of the spinal cord

Central nervous system

Controlling Emotions, Memory, Touch, Motor Skills, Hunger, Breathing, and the other senses in our body. The Brain controls every muscle, bone, organs, and body system.

Four Interconnected Lobes

connects everything in the nervous system

Loss of ability to move some or all of your body

Damage to spinal cord from an injury, event or birth defect called spina bifida

There is no cure to paralysis since the spinal cord cannot repair it self, and usually an amputation is needed

Amputation

Amputation is the removal of a body part and is usually replaced by prosthetic

Uses chemical and electrical signals to sends messages throughout the body

Interneurons

Local interneurons

Relay interneurons

Parkinson's disease

Loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra which is responsible for dopamine and muscle controls

shaking, stiffness, uncontrollable movement, difficulty speaking and loss of balance and coordination

Can not be cured but physiotherapy and medicines such as levodopa and carbidopa can lower symptoms

Deep brain stimulation is used to deliver electrical impulses in the substantia nigra which disturb abnormal behaviors made from Parkinsons

Respiratory System

Respiration muscles

When diaphragm contracts, it creates a vacuum which sucks air from the outside into your respiratory system, and when it stretches it pushes air back out of your respiratory system

Helps keep diaphragm and lungs in place, while also helping the diaphragm to contract and expand

Lower Respiratory Track

Higher Respiratory Track

Skeletal System

Long Bone

Dense bones that provide strength, structure and mobility

Short Bone

Short bones, usually containing spongy material, help provide stability and small movement adjustments to wrists and ankle joints

Thin, flat and slightly curved bones designed to protect organs, red bone marrow and connection points for muscles

206 Bones in the Human Body

Bone Marrow

Red Bone Marrow

Stem Cells

First Cells in your cell linage

Renew themselves over a period of time

The potential to become all other types of cells

Specific instructions

Yellow Bone Marrow

Fat, cartilage, and bone cells

Osteoporosis

Calcium, Vitamin D/K, and Magnesium

Disease that weakens bones to the point where they break easily

Fractures and Broken Bones, Mostly common for Carpal Bones and your spine

A Cure

Digestive System

Alimentary Track

Is to undergo active digestion of food and absorption of nutrient

Mouth

Tongue

Food into the pharynx/esophogus

Esophogael Sphincter

Upper Esophogeal Sphincter

Lower Esophogael Sphincter

Muscular valve

When food is passing through

When there is not food entering the esophogus

Pharynx

The Throat

A Passageway

Sensory Receptors

Fauces

Involuntary Swallowing Reflex

The Uvula

Nasopharynx

Air Flow into your lungs

Saliva

Epiglottis

Choking

The food using enzymes and gastric acid

Intestines

The remaining Food (without nutrients) into feces

Further digest food

Nutrients

Vitamins/Minerals

Protiens

Carbohydrates and fats

Accessory Organs

Chemical digestion of food by secreting enzymes

Salivary Glands

Saliva

Liver

Gallbladder

Bile

Enzymes

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

When Stomach acid flows up the espophogus

Acid Reflux

Heart Burn

Antacids

A Portion of the stomach around the Esophogus

82% Success Rate

Is let in your stomach through the esophagus

Surgury is used

Is cut into small holes

Are placed inside

Surgery without cutting too much skin

Single-Celled Organisms

White Blood Cells

Fight infections by traveling through the blood stream. They produce Anti-Bodies to kill organisms

The Spleen

The Lymphatic System

Carry Lymphocytes that fight infections. They are located throughout the body

Lymphocytes

B Cells

Antibodies

Antigens

Toxins or foreign substances which are killed by Antibodies

Types of proteins which attack antigens and remove them from the body

T Cells

Killing infected or cancerous cells. They direct the immune System by helping B cells create Antigens.

Protects your body from the outside. Prevents germs and bacteria from entering the body. Produces oils and secrets other important cells

Trap Germs and infections through the mouth and nose.

Mucus

Prevent harmful substances from entering your body using protective proteins. It is a natural filter which kills dangerous bacteria

Diabetes

Your Pancreas doesn't make enough Insulin for your body. This is usually due to genetics

Hyperglycemia

The Immune System. It causes dysfunction by allowing pathogens to spread in Diabetic Patients

Body to be unable to manage sugar intake

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Ayndrome)

The CD4 or T Cells to be killed. As the virus continues to kill these cells your immune systems weakens.

Darunavir, Fosamprenavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir

Cured With Technology

Pumps insulin into your liver and helps lower sugar levels

Blood tests and oral fluid

Occipital Lobes

Visual Perception, this includes colour, form and motion

Frontal Lobes

The most anterior and front part of the brain. It is used for Higher Cognitive Functions, Voluntary Movement, and Expressive Language.

Parietal Lobes

Angular Gyrus

The Processing of Numbers and Words, and other Complex language functions

Somatosensory Cortex

Receiving and processing Sensory information from across the body.

Superior Parietal Lobul

Spatial orientation and visual input as well as sensory input from one's hand.

The Upper-Back portion of the brain. It is used for Sensory Processing and Navigation/Control

The Cerebrum

Left Hemisphere

Controlling Movement on the Right Side of the body

Right Hemisphere

Controlling Movement on the Left Side of the body

Temporal Lobes

Creating and Preserving both conscious long term and short term memory. It is also related to

Central Sulcus

Connective Tissues

Cartilage

Fibrous Cartilage

Fibrocartilage is the toughest of the three types of cartilage, it contains dense bundles of fibers. This makes it perfect to provide support and rigidity

Hyalin Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage has a smooth surface and is the most common cartilage. It has closely packed collagen fibers, making it tough but slightly flexible. Allows tissues to slide/glide more easily, as well as providing flexibility and support

Elastic Cartilage

A type of cartilage that provides both strength and elasticity to certain parts of the body

Is a flexible tissue that keeps joint motion fluid by cushioning bones against impact and by cushioning bones against other bones/joints

Tendons

Connecting bones to muscles. Holds the bones and muscles together

Ligaments

Connecting's bones to each other. Holds all the bones to keep them stable

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Technologies

Romosozumab

Strengthen bones

Scans Bones which can detect Osteoporosis

Densities of bones

Carries air from and to your Bronchi

Branches off from bronchi and sends air from and into the alveoli

Separates oxygen and carbon dioxide and oxidates blood cells

Emphysema

The alveoli starts breaking down and they small holes inside them become larger than normal, causing a hard time for the oxygen and carbon dioxide to be separated

Coughing, hard time breathing, chest pain and tightness, and wheezing, symptoms can range from mild to extreme depending on the person

Can not be cured, but symptoms can be lowered with the use of antibiotics and inhaled steroids such as beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide and ciclesonide

Airways

Bring air from the outside of your body

The Sinuses

Hollow Spaces In the Skull which open up to the nasal cavities

Temperature and Humdidity of the air you breath in

Larynx Carries the oxygen from the Pharynx to the Trachea

Pharynx carries water, air and food through your throat

Carries air from the Larynx

Asthma

Obtained from having things such as dust and pollen in your airways, or having your airways narrow and produce more mucus. usually obtained from bad environments or at birth

Coughing, hard time breathing, chest pain and tightness, and wheezing, symptoms can range from mild to extreme depending on the person

Used to relax airways and allow air to travel easier to and out the lungs

Medicines such as fluticasone, budesonide and beclomethasone

Right Ventricle

Gets sent here so it can be sent to the lungs using Pulmonary Arteries

Right Atrium

Low Oxygenated blood from the body using Systemic veins

Left Atrium

Blood is Oxygenated in the lungs it is brought here by the pulmonary veins

Left Ventricle

Gets sent here do it can get to rest of the body

Heart Attack

When the flow of blood to heart is blocked

Extra fat or cholesterol blocking the vessels

Less oxygen gets delivered to the heart.

Heart Tissue to die

If the person does not smoke or drink and has a healthy diet/lifestyle.

Technologies

Thrombolysis

Radiation

Clears blood clots

Space for blood to flow

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

Heart beat

Electric shock

Reestablishes an effective heart beat

Makes the heart start beating

Break Down Food

Floating topic

Voluntary Muscles

Voluntary actions

Arm, Leg, Spinal, and Abdominal movement

40% of Body Weight

Chemical Energy

Mechanical Energy

Ketoconazole, mitotane and mtyrapone can be taken to reduce the amount of cortisol produced

Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headaches, muscle aches, high blood pressures, low potassium and swelling

Sound waves to break up the stones, using surgery to remove the very large stones, passing a small needle through the ureter to remove stones, if the stones are caused by a malfunction in the thyroid then it can have a surgery