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Is

TRAUMA

Defined

DSM-5

Exposure to death, serious ingury, or sexual violence (Sweeney et al., 2018)

direct or indirect experiencing or witnessing (Sweeney et al., 2018)

trauma as external traumatic events

traumatic effects

cumulative (Sweeney et al., 2018)

poorer outcomes such as suicide attempts and self-harm (Sweeney et al., 2018)

Trauma categories

Small-t: Non-life-threatening events (Negash et al., 2018)

Large-T: threatening events (Negash et al., 2018)

Conceptual issues

Cultural vs. universal (Krupnik, 2019)

Trauma vs. adversity: continuum from "small" to "big" trauma (Shapiro, 2017)

Scalability and operationalization challenges (Krupnik, 2019)

Autonomic Nervous System

Persistent distress and dysfunction (Negash et al., 2018)

Quantitative

studies

Impact assessments on physical, mental, and emotional health (Sweeney et al., 2018)

Prevalence rates (e.g., ~6% for PTSD) (Alexandra Kredlow et al., 2022)

quantitative studies on narrative exposure methods for treating trauma or PTSD in refugees, focusing on those with sufficient data to calculate effect sizes and statistical power. (Gwozdziewycs & Mehl-Madrona, 2013)

Measures

Surveys and questionnaires (e.g., PTSD Checklist)

Statistical analysis of prevalence and severity

Qualitative

Methods

Interviews and case studies

Police Support Personnel (Huey et al., 2023) study used Semi-structured interviews to understand Vicarious trauma exposure and long-term effects

Negash et al. (2018) used a qualitative case study to show the effectiveness of integrating EFT and EMDR in couples therapy.

Thematic analysis of personal narratives and Critical interpretive synthesis

Lehrner & Yehuda (2018) used Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS), an inductive qualitative process, to generate new theory from reviewed literature of Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission. The aim was to synthesize and critically interpret literature on intervening in the intergenerational transmission of relational trauma within parent-infant relationships.

Insights

In-depth understanding of trauma experiences

personal and cultural contexts

Treatment modalities

Traetment-informed Approachs

"What is wrong with you?" to "What happened to you?" (Sweeney et al., 2018)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Benefits of Modality

single-event trauma (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

verbal recounting of trauma (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

Limitation of Modality

Extended stabilization phase for complex trauma (Gonzalez-Vazquez et al., 2018)

use in group therapy (Negash et al., 2018)

PTSD, complex trauma (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

8-stage protocol (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

with other therapies like Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for treating trauma in couples (Negash et al., 2018; Gonzalez-Vazquez et al., 2018).

Narrative Therapy

Benefits of Modality

survivors of mass violence (Lely et al., 2019)

identity and self-concept (Bayes, 2023)

Limitation of Modality

NET's use is limited but shows promise, with attention needed for managing distress and dysregulation (Sparrow & Fornells-Ambrojo, 2024).

active participation in storytelling (Bayes, 2023)

may vary across different cultural contexts (Lely et al., 2019)

Focuses on how storytelling helps us make sense of our lives, with trauma often dramatically altering our narratives (Bayes, 2023).

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) for PTSD (Lely et al., 2019; McPherson, 2011)

significantly reduce PTSD symptoms compared to other treatments, waitlists, or treatment as usual (McPherson, 2011).

often used in diverse contexts, including with children and refugees (Peltonen & Kangaslampi, 2019; Wright et al., 2020).

reshape emotional understanding and reconcile different aspects of oneself, facilitating a return to competency and empowerment (Bayes, 2023).

Manifest through

Acute Trauma

Results from a single incident

PTSD

Extreme fear, re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal (Alexandra Kredlow et al., 2022)

Intergenerational Trauma

Resilience vs. pathology (Lehrner & Yehuda, 2018)

Transmission across generations (Lehrner & Yehuda, 2018)

Complex Trauma

Prolonged, repeated harmful events (Van Nieuwenhove & Meganck, 2017)

Vicarious Trauma

Affects therapists working with trauma survivors (Padmanabhanunni & Gqomfa, 2022)

observing that professionals working with trauma victims can suffer long-lasting psychological effects from their engagement with these experiences (Huey et al., 2023).

as the emotional and cognitive impacts of hearing traumatic stories, leading to negative changes in professionals’ cognitions over time (Huey et al., 2023; Pilla et al., 2021).

Childhood/ Developmental Trauma

Risk factor for psychopathology and mental health disorders (Salvatore et al., 2023)

Cumulative impact in early life (Sweeney et al., 2018; Salvatore et al., 2023)

Chronic Trauma

Extreme fear, re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal (Alexandra Kredlow et al., 2022)

Compound Trauma

Multiple independent traumatic events