Concept Map (Fall 2020)- Group #7

Honelako gehiago

Nucleic Acids Research Database

by Firdaus Noraslan

Biology 311C

by Carlos Perez

★Circulatory and Digestive System★

by Asad Zaara

Cells and Organelles

by Leslie Oros

Eukaryotic cells

Plant Cell

Golgi body

Vesicles

-Central Vacuoles: serve as repository for inorganic ions (found in mature plant cells)

Chloroplasts

Stroma (internal fluid)

equivalent of matrix in mitochondria

Inner membrane spaces

Thylakoid

synthesize proteins

stores genetic material

Granum

stack of thylakoid

Animal Cell

Mitochondria

Production of ATP by breaking down complex molecules

intermembrane space

Matrix

Inner membrane (folded into cristae)

DNA

free ribosomes

make proteins

Outside of ER/ nuclear envelope: bound ribosomes

Cytosol: free ribosomes

Complexes of rRNA and protein

Endomembrane system

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Continuous with nuclear envelope

Smooth ER

-No attached ribosomes -Synthesizes lipids -Metabolizes carbs -Detoxifies drugs and poison -Stores Calcium ions

Rough ER

-Surface studded with ribosomes -Bound ribosomes secrete glycoproteins -Distribute transport vesicles -Known as membrane factory of cell

Vacuoles

-Food Vacuoles: when cells engulf food or other particles -Contractile Vacuoles: pumps excess water out of cell (found in freshwater protists)

Lysosomes

-packed with enzymes -function in acid pH -H+ pumped to maintain low pH

Phagocytosis

Golgi Apparatus

-Made of different sacs -Vesicles transported from ER to out of Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

Double membrane: Nuclear envelope

Lamina: lines in the inner surface that protect the integrity

Pores: help transport molecules in and out of cell

Nucleolus

Site of rRNA synthesis

- organized into chromosomes - DNA + Proteins = chromatin

ORIGINS OF LIFE

pre-mRNA--> mRNA

Introns spliced out

Alternative splicing

1 gene codes for 1+ proteins

5' guanine cap

3' polyA tail

Protein P Phosphotase (PP)

Eukaryotic Transcription

Transcription Factors

Specific

Attach to Enhancer

General

Attach to promoter/proximal control element

Promoter

Transcription Initiation Complex

pre-mRNA

Control Element

Distal

Enhancer

Increased Expression

Proximal

Basal Level Expression

Low level of protein production

Prokaryotic Transcription

Operon

Structural Genes

promoter

RNA Polymerase

operator

Glucose present

Activator

Turns gene expression on

Repressor

Turns gene expression off

Cell Signaling

Reception

Relay Molecule

Transduction

Nuclear Response Pathway

Receptor Activated

Receptor activates phosphorylation Cascade

Activation of a Transcription Factor

Transcription

Gene Expression

G-Protein and cAMP Pathway

G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Inactive G-Protein

Activated G-Protein

Adenylyl Cyclase

cAMP Formed

AMP Formed

Protein Kinase A

Phosphorylation Cascade Pathway

Signal Molecule (Ligand)

Inactive Receptor -> Active Receptor

Relay Molecule is Releases

Inactive Protein Kinase 1

Active Protein Kinase 1

Inactive Protein Kinase 2

Active Protein Kinase 2

Inactive Protein Kinase 3

Active Protein Kinase 3

Inactive Protein

Active Protein

Cellular Response

G-Protein Pathway

pre-mRNA processing

Slicing of introns (Eukaryotes)

Translation

Ribosome

Free vs Bound

Bound

protein moves to Rough ER

transported via vesicle

moves to golgi

moves through plasma membrane

Free

universal starting point

P, A, E site

peptidyl transferase

polypeptide growth

hydrolysis of GTP

proteins

rRNA

ribozyme function

mRNA

from transcription

codons

wobble

tRNA

amino acids

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

anticodons

Eukaryote

Prokaryote

Bacteria

Cell wall (Peptidoglycan) Unique to bacteria

protects cell, provides support, maintains cell shape

Archaea

Form endospores

helps to remain alive in harsh conditions

Harsh chemicals

Extreme drying

Extreme temperatures

Bacteria & Archaea

Flagella

Locomotion (movement)

Pili

transfers DNA from one cell to another

Fimbriae

able to stick to each other

Plasma membrane (Lipid Bilayer)

Contains NO membrane bound organelles

Contains NO Nucleus

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Plasmid

DNA that is separate from chromosomes

Cytoplasm

Jelly fluid within cell

Nucleoid

region where cell's DNA is located

Glycocalyx

protect against dehydration

Slime layer

Avoids phagocytosis from WBCs

Capsule

Sticky layer