Biology

OH - Hydroxyl

COOH - Carboxyl

NH3 - Amino

Shapes of molecules

Polar

oxygen

High electronegativity

Covalent bonds

hydrogen

Low electronegativity

High specific heat capacity

Universal solvent

Density

Cohesion

High surface tension

Protein

Amino Acid

Basic

Acidic

polar

non polar

Structures

Primary

Linear sequence

Secondary

a helix

b pleased sheet

tertiary

quaternary

2 or more polypeptide chains

antibodies

Hormones

Enzymes

Biological catalysts

Lower activation energy

Made of amino acids

Examples

Catalase

Amylase

Lipase

Kinase

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Temperature

PH

Enyme concentration

Inhibitors

Competitive inhibition

Non competitive inhibition

Carbohydrates

Saccarides

Monosaccharides

Polysachcarides

starch

glycogen

cellulose

Disaccharides

Simple sugar examples

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Isomers

Same formula, different orientation

Examples

Butane and isobutane

Lactose intolerance

No lactase

Lipids

Phospholipids

Hydrophylic head

hydrophobic tails

Selective permeability

Factors affecting fluidity

Saturated fatty acids

More rigid

Unsaturated fatty acids

More flexible

Thermodynamics

Gibbs free energy

entropy

Acids and bases

ph scale

Intramolecular forces

Covalent - sharing

Ionic - transferring

Intermolecular forces

London dispersion - weakest

Dipole dipole - average

Hydrogen bonding - strongest

Polarity

Non polar covalent bonds

Polar covalent bond