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Bodily Systems

Circulatory System/Cardiovascular System

To circulate

Nutrients

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Blood cells

In fighting diesease

Plasma

Blood cells

Whole blood

Suspension

Proteins

Body

55%

Blood volume

Red blood cells

Oxygen

Body

Cyctoplasm

hemoglobin

red colour

White blood cells

Multipotent cells

Nuclei

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

~7% of a persons body weight

Platelets

Clumping where injury exists

Blodd clots

Cell nucleus

Hemostasis

Lymphatic system

Lymph

Recycled excess blood plasma

interstitial fluid

The heart

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Left atria

Right atria

The sinoatrial node

Blood vessels

The lymph

Lymph vessels

Systematic circulation

Oxygenated blood

Rest of the body

macrocirculation

microcirculation

Pulmonary circulation

deoxygenated blood

Right ventricles

Oxygenated blood

Left atrium

Ventricle of the heart

High blood pressure

Extreme pressure exerted when blood is pumped

Weight loss procedures

Reduction of sodium intake

Venous thromboembolism

Blood clotting within veins

Stroke

Anticoagulants

Blood clots

Myocardial infarction

A blockade within blood vessels leading to the heart

Bypass surgery

New passage-ways for blood

Stent procedures

Arteries

Medications

Anticoagulant

Digestive System

Cephalic Phase

Gastric Phase

2/3

Gastric Secretions

Gastric Secretions

Acetylcholine

Histamine

Gastrin

The stomach

Intestinal Phase

Stretching of the duodenum

Gastric Function

Vagal Nerve

Chyme

Gastric Secretions

The Gastrointestinal Tract

The Mouth

Salivy

Food

The Esophogus

Mucous Membranes

The throat

Stomach

Food and Fluids

Gravity

Muscle Contractions

The Stomach

The Small Intestine

Three Main regions

Duodenum

23 Centimeters in Length

Head of the Pancreas

Brunners glands

Alkaline Secretions

Jejunum

Midsection

2.5 Meters long

Villi

Ileum

3.0 Meters long

Vitamin B12

The Large Intestine

The Large Intestine

Salts and Water

Materials

Ileocecal Valve

The Liver

Solid Organ

Bile

The Pancreas

Solid Organ

Enzymes

Issues

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Stomach Acid

Esophagus

Common

Gallstones

Hard deposits

Gallbladder

An excess of waste

Bile

An excess of cholesteral

Abdomen Pain

Increasing fiber intake

Refined Carbohydrates

Celiac Diesease

Gluten

Immune system

Villi

Diarrhea

Blotation

Vomiting

Seizures

Depression

Initiating a gluten free diet

Sensory receptors are stimulated

Endocrine System

Chemical based messaging system

Feedback loops

Hromones

Internal glands

Endocrine glands

The thyroid gland

triiodothyronine

thyroxine

calcitonin

The adrenal glands

Adrenaline

Vascular

Ducts

Hormones

The Pineal gland

Melatonin

The pituitary gland

Physiological Processes

The pancreas

Ovaries

Hormones

eicosanoids

Signaling molecules

steroids

Biologically active compounds

amino acid

Organic compounds

the hypothalamus

testes

Androgens

The parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone

Low blood calcium

Organs with secondary endocrine functions

Bone

Kidneys

The liver

The heart

The gonads

Endocrine glands

Ducts

Vascular

Intercellular Vacuoles

Diabetes

high blood pressure

diabetic ketoacidosis

Stroke

Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin

Dietary changes

Type 2 Diabetes

Weight changes

Thyroid diesease

Immune system

Biological processes

Organism

Diesease

Pathogens

Innate immune system

Preconfigured responses

groups of situations and stimuli

All animals

Microbes are identified

pattern recognition receptors

White blood cells

Structure

Cell lineage

No immunological memory

nearly all forms of life

An immediate response

Adaptive immune system

Tailored responses

Stimuli

Molecules it has previously seen

Exposure that leads to immunological memory

jawed vertebrates

A lagged response

Chemical barrier

Chemical substances

Defense

Subtopic

Allergies

Abnormal sensitivity to what are normal antigens

Medication

Immunotherapy

Purified allergen extracts

AIDS

White blood cells

antiretroviral therapy

Cure

Muscular System

Skeletal muscles

Striated muscle

myocytes

myofibrils

sarcomeres

Actins

myosin

Coordinated contractions

639

Bones

Tendons

of cells

Tension

Smooth muscles

non-striated muscle

Single unit

Smooth muscles

multiunit smooth muscle

Hollow organs

Cardiac muscles

Muscle fibers

Involuntary movement

The sinus node

Electrical stimulation

action potential

Calcium

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Blood

Body

Blood

Autonomous muscles

The cardiac muscle

Involuntarily

cerebral palsy

loss of motor function

brain damage

Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA

diazepam

Relax muscles

Polymyositis

Weakness in muscle

Corticosteroids

Relieves symptoms

Physical therapy

Muscle cramps

Involuntary contraptions of certain muscles

Nervous System

Central Nervous System

The brain

Cerebrum

Voluntary actions

The spinal cord

Signals

Brain and Peripheral Nerves

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves

Somatic nervous system

Mediate voluntary movements

Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic part

Cases of emergencies

Energy

Parasympathetic part

Organisms are in a state of rest

Enteric nervous sytem

gastrointestinal system

Endocrine System

Neurons

electrochemical waves

Axons

Neurotransmitters

Synapses

multicellular organisms

Hormones

internal Ciculation

Seizures

Bursts of abnormal signals

Regular signals

Anti-Epileptic Drugs

Ketogenic Diets

Surgery, removing parts of the brain that cause seizures

Loss of coordination

Cerebellum

Physical Therapy

Decrease in cognitive abilities

Abnormal clumps of beta-amyloid protein

Lewy bodies

microscopic clumps

protein

Parkinson's disease, dementia

strokes

Reduced blood flow

Decreasing alcohol consuption

practicing proper hygiene and maintaining a proper sleep schedule

Renal System

Kidneys

Blood

From a process of blood filtration

Glomerulus

Small blood vessels

Nephrons

Structional unit

waste

Dorsal body wall

Renal arteries

the removal of toxins

Ureters

Tubes

Smooth muscle fibers

Urine

Bladder

20-30 Centimeters in length

urothelial cells

The pelvis

renal arteries

common iliac arteries

internal iliac arteries

Peristalsis

The bladder

Fundus

Body

Apex

Neck

Openings

vesical arteries

vesical veins

superior vesical artery

internal iliac arteries

inferior vesical artery

The urethra

The urinary bladder

Urinary meatus

Expels urine received from the bladder

Waste

Blood volume

Blood pressure

Electrolytes

Blood ph

Nephritis

The glomerulus

Hepatitis

HIV

Antibiotics

Medication

Kidney Stones

Deposits of calcium within kidneys

Pain killers

Parathyroid gland surgery

Hyperparathyroidism

Bladder cancer

Bladder cells uncontrollably grow into a tumor

transurethral resection of bladder tumour

The tumor within the bladder, through access from the Urethra

cystectomy

All or part of the bladder

urinary diversion

A new pathway for urine to leave the body

Respiratory System

Respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

Lower Larynx

Breathing

Sound and Pitch

Trachea

cartilaginous tube

Larynx

Air

Two primary Bronchi

Bronchi

Lungs

right main bronchus

left main bronchus

Bronchioles

bronchial airways

Alveoli

lung parenchyma

Gas exchange occurs

Lung aveoli

Acini

alveolar ducts

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar sacs

"Respiratory tree"

Upper respiratory tract

Nose

Air

Nasal cavitie

two cavities

nasal septum

Continuations of the nostrils

Respiratory segment

Olfactory segment

Nasal passage

Air

Sinuses

maxillary sinuses

The eyes

Frontal sinuses

ethmoidal sinuses

sphenoidal sinuses

Pharynx

Food

The nasopharynx

The pharynx

The base of the skull

respiratory epithelium

Auditory tube

oropharynx

anteriorly

Mouth

palatine tonsi

Lateral wall

tonsil

tonsillar fossa

tonsillar pillars

epiglottis

Aspiration

Food

laryngopharynx

Pathway Divergences

Respiratory pathway

Digestive Pathway

pyriform sinus

postcricoid area

posterior pharyngeal wall

Passageway

Food, air

stratified squamous epithelium

pharyngeal plexus

Vocalization

Upper Larynx

Pneumonia

Bacteria

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Viruses

Antibiotics

Resting

Asthma

Sticky secretions

STeroids

bronchodilator inhalers

prescription of corticosteroids

Skeletal System

Individual or joined bones

Ligaments

Bone

Bone

Nucleas

Tendons

Muscle

Bone

Muscles

Cartilage

Cartilage

Support

Move

White blood cells

Redblood cells

Osteoblasts

osteocytes

Hard tissue

cortical bone

ancellous bone

Exoskeleton

External

Soft tissues and organs of the body

Endoskeletan

Internal support structure

mesodermal

Hydroskeletan

Semi-rigid structure

Liquid

Cytoskeletan

Cells

Cellular motion

Organs

Osteoporosis

Reduced minearal bone density

bisphosphonates

Paget’s Disease

Abnormally large ormisshapen bones

Calcium supplements

Vitamin D supplements

Integumentary System

Hair

Nails

Skin

1-5-2.0m^2

The epidermis

An initial barrier

External Environment

Basement membrane

Melanocytes

Nerve endings

stratified squamous epithelial cells

Stratum Corneum

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum basale

stem cells in the basal layer that develop into the corneum

keratinocyte

The dermis

The Papillary

The reticular layers

Connective tissue

Vessels

Glands

Follicles

hair roots

Sensory nerve endings

Muscular Tissue

The hypodermis

fat

Bodily temperature

Insulator

exocrine glands

Skin cancer

Abnormal cells

The body

basal-cell skin cancer

squamous-cell skin cancer

melanoma

ultraviolet Radiaton

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

Photodynamic therapy

Vitiligo

Lack of melanin within skin cells

Inflammation controlling drugs

Psoralen and Light therapy

Skin grafting

Vitamin D

The gallbladder

Solid Organ

Bile

Three parts

7-10 Centimeters in length

Inner Surface

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Arachnoid

Pia Matter

leptomeninges

Signaling cells