Do children meet physical activity guidelines
independently
when given
unstructured
leisure time?

Unstructured Play

Toddlers

Vega-Perona, H., Estevan, I., Bernabé-Villodre, M. del M., Segura-Martínez, P., Martínez-Bello, D. A., & Martínez-Bello, V. E. (2024). Correlates of Toddlers’ Physical Activity Levels and Sedentary Behavior During Unstructured Outdoor Play in Early Childhood Education and Daycare Settings. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 131(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125231218027


school age

Raney, M. A., Daniel, E., & Jack, N. (2023). Impact of urban schoolyard play zone diversity and nature-based design features on unstructured recess play behaviors. Landscape and Urban Planning, 230, 104632-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104632


Wahl-Alexander, Z., & Morehead, C. A. (2020). An Observational Assessment of Physical Activity Levels and Social Behavior During Residential Summer Camp Unstructured Time. American Journal of Health Promotion, 34(4), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119897191




Farbo, D. J. (2022). The Effects of Outdoor, Unstructured Play on Physical Activity and Obesity Rates in Children. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.


behavioural effects

Wahl-Alexander, Z., & Morehead, C. A. (2020). An Observational Assessment of Physical Activity Levels and Social Behavior During Residential Summer Camp Unstructured Time. American Journal of Health Promotion, 34(4), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119897191






Raney, M. A., Daniel, E., & Jack, N. (2023). Impact of urban schoolyard play zone diversity and nature-based design features on unstructured recess play behaviors. Landscape and Urban Planning, 230, 104632-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104632




environmental variables

Vega-Perona, H., Estevan, I., Bernabé-Villodre, M. del M., Segura-Martínez, P., Martínez-Bello, D. A., & Martínez-Bello, V. E. (2024). Correlates of Toddlers’ Physical Activity Levels and Sedentary Behavior During Unstructured Outdoor Play in Early Childhood Education and Daycare Settings. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 131(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125231218027

Raney, M. A., Daniel, E., & Jack, N. (2023). Impact of urban schoolyard play zone diversity and nature-based design features on unstructured recess play behaviors. Landscape and Urban Planning, 230, 104632-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104632