grammatical topics OF b2

Modal verbs are a group of auxiliary verbs used to convey various shades of meaning, including obligation, permission, ability, and likelihood. They play a crucial role in shaping the tone and intent of sentences.

structure

Affirmative structure:
Subject + modal verb + base form of the main verb + (optional) additional information.

Negative structure:
Subject + modal verb+ not + base form of the main verb + (optional) additional information.

Question structure:
Modal verb + subject + base form of the main verb + (optional) additional information?

Can:
Expresses ability or capability.
Indicates a possibility or permission.
Used for making requests and offers.

Could:
Expresses past ability or a polite request.
Implies a conditional or hypothetical situation.

Should:
Suggests an obligation, advice, or expectation.
Used for giving recommendations.

May:
Indicates permission, possibility, or a request for permission.
Often used in formal contexts.

Might:
Suggests a lower level of probability than "may."
Commonly used in uncertain or speculative statements.

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Zero Conditional:

Expresses general truths or scientific facts.
Structure: If + present simple , present simple.

Examples:
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
If the sun sets, it gets dark.

First Conditional:

First Conditional:
Expresses real possibilities and likely future events.

Examples:
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
If she passes the test, she will be happy.

Second Conditional

Expresses real possibilities and likely future events.
Structure: If + present simple , will + base form of the verb.

Examples:
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
If she passes the test, she will be happy.

Third Conditional:

Mixed Conditionals:

Used to express complex or unconventional conditional relationships.
Structure: Second conditional (if clause) , Third conditional (main clause)
Third conditional (if clause) , Second conditional (main clause)

Examples:
If she were here, she would have been excited (past unreal result).
If I had known about the party, I would be celebrating with them now

The past tense in English is used:

to talk about the past
to talk about hypotheses (when we imagine something)
for politeness.

Past simple

I worked

Past continuous:

I was working

Past perfect:

I had worked

Past perfect continuous:

I had been working

A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or modifier

examples person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
place: home, office, town, countryside, America
thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

pronoun is a word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a noun, often because the person or thing has been mentioned earlier

example The personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, we, they, him, her, he, she, us and them

An article is a word that follows a noun, giving some basic information about that noun, such as whether it is plural or singular, or whether it is a general or specific object.

The articles are: a, an, some and they

Is the beginning of a noun group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are referring to one thing or several

Determines are: a, the, some, this, and each

Is when we want to give more importance to the action and not to the person who performed it, we use the passive voice.

Estructure:
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + past participle…

1. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

2. The main verb is replaced by the auxiliary "to be" (in the same tense) followed by the main verb in the participle.

3. The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent complement of the passive sentence. It does not always appear in the sentence, and when it appears it is introduced by "by".

Definition: The infinitive is the purest form of a verb, unmarked by tense, person, or number.
Examples: "to read," "to write," "to sing."

Forms of the Infinitive

To + Base Form: The most common form in English. Used in a wide range of contexts. Bare Infinitive: Used after modal verbs (can, could, should, etc.) and in certain other cases.

Functions of the Infinitive

As a Noun

ING TERMINATION

Verbs in English that end up in «ing» when we find ourselves in English ending in -ing and do not refer to adjective means that they are a verb: we talk about the present continuous or what in Spanish would be.

Examples: John Is Reading A Book - John is reading a book.