INTERNAL SYSTEMS
By: Mehak Aulakh
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Breaks down foods and liquids along with absorbing them to give our bodies and growth.
Nutrients
Lipids
Stores energy reserves for later, provides materials in order to build cell membrane, signalling molecules within the body and cushion vital organs
Ex: Fatty foods
Lipids in fat foods
Fatty meats and fish
Nuts/Seeds
Cheese
Butter
Avocado
Nucleic acids
Storage and expresses the genetic information and growth of the organism
Examples
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Translates the information a cell needs to make protein in a code for the body to understand
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Takes part in protein synthesis and comes in many different molecular forms
Amino Acid
Molecules that are merged together to form proteins
3 main amino acids
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Proteins
Build tissues, muscles
Repairing body tissues
Examples of proteins
Insulin
protein made up of 2 chains
A chain- 21 amino acids
B chain- 30 amino acids
Collagen
molecular cables which strengthen the tendons
made up of amino-acids
Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen
Hemoglobin
makes red blood cells
4 protein chains
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
Enzymes
ex: amylase
digestion
Antibodies
recognizes bacteria, viruses and infections
Made up of thousands of amino acids
20 types of amino acids that are combined to make a protein
Fights against diseases and infections
Transport ions into the cell membrane
To speed up chemical reaction in the cells they act like catlysts
Diagram displaying how your body consumes the protein when eaten
Aid in muscle movements
ex: contraction
extend from the muscle fiber through connected tissues to pull on bones
causes skeletal movements
contracting across joints causes muscle movements
Vitamins
keep us healthy, protect us from diseases
Types of vitamins
A
important nutrient towards vision, growth, cell division, reproduction and lastly immunity
c
helps protect cells against the effect radicals, repair of body tissues
antioxidant
D
maintaining/building healthy bones
K
supports to make protein
needed for blood clotting
helps wounds heal faster
B (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, B12, and folate)
overall maintaining good health and well being
energy levels
Carbohydrates
provide energy to the body by the help of cells
help provide the materials needed to build cell membranes
Basic structure
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
Minerals
proactive foods
help you healthy and are used for different jobs throughout the body
muscles and bones strong
heart and brain working properly
making enzymes and hormones
2 types
macrominerals
These are much more needed and needed to consume more than trace minerals
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
potassium
trace minerals
Small amounts are needed
iron
magnesium
zinc
copper
iodine
Foods that contain minerals
High in mineral foods to keep you healthy
Fish/Meat
Milk
Vegetables
Nuts
Structure & Function
The mouth
The digestion of the food begins with the mouth as food enters and chewing helps break the food into smaller pieces
Salivary glands then make saliva which
helps food move more easily through.
The saliva also helps breaks down the starches in your food because it contains enzyme
Digestive enzymes are proteins in saliva that can turn nutrients into substances by quick chemical reactions that is easier for our digestive system to absorb
Mouth in detail
Amylase enzyme
helps digest food
The esophagus
tube that carries food and liquid from you mouth to the stomach
Peristalsis is a series of wave like movements the muscles of the esophagus does to help push the food to the stomach
wave-like movements
Lower esophageal sphincter
muscle of ring which forms a valve near the lowest end of the esophagus where it joins the stomach
The stomach
an organ that holds the digestive juices of food while being varied with stomach enzymes.
Stomach enzymes again help the process to break down foods
Pepsin enzyme
breaks down the proteins in the food during digestion
Intestines
Small Intestine
nutrients aka vitamins, protein, fats, carbohydrates and water are absorbed from food in this organ so they can be used up by the body
Duodenum
1st phase to complete digestion, where the food from the stomach is mixed with enzymes from the pancreases which help break down the food
Pancreases
Make pancreatic juice (enzymes) which help break down sugars, fats and starches
Jejunum
2nd phase to further help digest food that comes from the stomach. Specifically absorbs nutrients and water which can be used up by the body
Microvilli
epithelial cells
lining the intestine to increase the surface area
helps the absorption of non-digested food along with water molecules
Ileum
3rd and final section of digestion in the small intestine where absorption of bile acids, fluid and vitamin B-12 take place
villi
Cells that line up the small intestine
increases the surface area to help the absorption in digested food by thicker cells that line up
protrusions
epithelial cells
cell that lines the surface of your body
Large Intestine
From the undigested food water gets absorbed and forms a waste material
Detailed large intestine
Liver
Blood passes through the liver as it leaves the stomach and intestines which then the liver processes this blood and breaks down, creates nutrients and metabolizes drugs into different types of forms that are easy for the rest of the body to use
Liver + Main function
Synthesis of plasma proteins
ex: albumin
produces bile
digestive juice to breakdown the fat in foods
Gallbladder
Sac located under the liver
Stores vitamins, minerals and glycogen
Eliminating cholesterol, hormones, drugs, bilirubin
Bilirubin
produced when old red blood cells break down, yellowish orange substance found in bile formed in the liver
Pancreas
inside the abdomen, behind the stomach, creates pancreatic juices called enzymes.
Enzymes
Breaks down sugars, fats and starches
mostly produced in the pancreas, stomach and small intestine
Trypsin Enzymes
Helps us digest proteins
Lipase
breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fat free acids, fat digesition
Cecum
First part of the large intestine, receives any undigested food material from the small intestine
Rectum
Lower part of the large intestine where stool is stored until it can be pushed out of your anus
Rectum
Diseases
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
effects the large intestine
symptoms
bloating, cramping, gas
feeling depressed
can be controlled by a good diet
IBS labelled diagram
Celiac disease
cause by the indigestive of gluten
effects the small intestine
which doesn't allow nutrients to be absorbed
stops your body from taking nutrients that comes from foods
symptoms
bloating
diarrhea
vomiting
can also cause inflammation in other parts of your body
Normal villi vs Celiac disease
Respiratory System
Move fresh air into your whole body while removing all waste gases
Structure & Function
Upper Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity
Removes minute airborne particles
Mucus moistens
Filters and heats air
Detailed diagram of the nasal cavity
Nose
Passages
lined around with muscles membrane and cilia (tiny hairs)
which help to clean and filter the air
the front of the nose is made up of
Upper and lower lateral cartilages
cartilage
Overview of what the nose is made up of
Throat (Pharynx)
Air from the nasal cavity, larynx and trachea is collected
parts of the throat
Nasopharynx
Top part of the throat connected to the throat helps let air in
Oropharynx
Middle part of the throat connected to the mouth
allowing air, fluid and food to pass through
Laryngopharynx
Bottom part of the throat near the voicebox
Lets air pass to to get to the lungs
Helps food and fluid get to the esophagus
Labelled diagram of the throat
Auditory (eustachian) tubes
2 tubes connected ears to the throat
Body immune defences found in the throat
tonsils
located near the throat
Back of your mouth
filter bacteria and viruses to make sure nothing harmful goes in our lungs
adenoids
mass of lymphoid tissue; near the back of the nose
it can also block all of the airflow through the nasal passages
traps harmful viruses or bacteria we breathe in
Adenoids & Adenoidectomies
pushes food into the esophagus so that it is not breathed in
Used for food, liquids and to breathe air
internal and external respiration
external respiration
the muscles between the ribs contract which pulls the ribs up and out
The diaphragm moves down as it contracts
between alveoli and blood
oxygen moves from lungs to RBC (red blood cells)
red blood cells release oxygen into the alveoli
the air pressure in your lungs decrease
which pulls air into lungs
Labeled diagram displaying internal vs external respiration
internal respiration
ribs move down and in
The diaphragm moves up which allows it to rest
where the blood delivers oxygen to the cells and receives carbon dioxide from cells
between capillaries and cells
the air pressure in your lungs increase
this is because the air rushes out of your lungs
Diseases
Asthma
the airways are inflamed which is just another word for swollen which produces lots of thick mucus
very difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs
Medical device that is used to monitor
Peak flow meters
measures how air moves out of your lungs
Peak flow meter being demonstrated
can measure narrowing hours
before you even have any symptoms
symptoms
shortness of breathe
chest pain
muscles around the airway become tightened
Chronic Bronchitis
long term inflammation of the bronchi
affects carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange
due to the muscles swelling and becoming tighter
reduces the flow of carbon dioxide a waste gas leaving out body and oxygen coming inside of our body
Chronic Bronchitis
people with this disease tend to get more lung infections
affects smokers the most
Lower Respiratory System
Larynx
hollow tube which allows air pass from your throat to your trachea then lungs.
Larynx broken down
contains vocal cords
when they vibrate
it produces human speech or sound
Trachea
As the trachea passes down air it warms and moistens it while being passed down to lungs
4 layers of trachea
mucosa
submucosa
Layers of the trachea wall
musculo cartilaginous
adventitia
main job
inhaled air to the lungs
exhaled air out of the body
Lined with cilla
cilla moves foreign particles up & out to be swallowed
Trachea detailed diagram
one part of airway system
which carry oxygen-rich air to lungs
carry waste gases such as carbon dioxide out of your lungs
Cartilage rings
allowing the trachea to close somewhat where food can pass down to the esophagus
keeps it rigid so it doesn't collapse when breathing
Cartilage ring shown in the trachea
Bronchi
passageways which connect your windpipe(trachea) to your lungs
body's tissue receives oxygen
waste gases (carbon dioxide) is eliminated from the body
lined with mucous membranes
this layer is a barrier to inhaled pathogens
which help prevent infections
Cartilage
keeps the bronchi from collapsing when inhaling and exhaling
Bronchioles detailed picture
2 main bronchi
One in your left lung
Travels to the left lung
divides into smaller bronchi to enter the 2 lobes and is smaller
Bronchi
One in your right lung
Travels to the right lung
divides into smaller bronchi to enter the 3 lobes and is shorter
Homeostasis
example
gas exchange in alveoli in the lungs
blood passes through tiny capillaries in the alveolar sacs
allowing carbon dioxide and oxygen to go in and out of the body
this is done by changing pressure gradients
helps maintain acid-base balance or pH levels in the body
Gas exchange
Bronchiole tubes
air passages inside the lungs branch off the bronchi
to the alveolar sac
deliver tiny air sacs called alveoli
oxygen and carbon dioxide are being exchanged
Bronichole
airway shown when healthy
vs
airway narrowed by a lung disease asthma
Lungs
of course allows us to breathe
inahing or allowing oxygen into our bodies and removing or exhaling carbon dioxide
exchange is called respiration
gif breathing in & out
sound protection
Alveoli (Air sac)
oxygen diffuses into blood
perfusion
pumping blood through your lungs
Capilaries
blood vessels in the walls of alveoli
These two are done during the process of exhaling and inhaling
0xygen and carbon
dioxide being exchanged
carbon dioxide diffuses to alveoli
Diaphragm
it moves up and down when changing the volume of the lungs
when air is inhaled
rib cage expands and moves upward causing the diaphragm to move down
this causes the lung volume to increase
when air is exhaled
rib cage contracts and drops downward causing the diaphragm to move up
this causes the lung volume to decrease
Diaphragm breathing gif
Rib Cage
keeps the heart, major blood vessels and lungs protected by its cage, protects from physical damage
assists in breathing
by using a pair of muscles between each rib
internal intercostals
helps when breathing in (inspiration)
external intercostals
helps when breathing out (expiration)
Shows inhaling vs exhaling
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout
the body to cells and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide
Physiology
Cardiac Cycle Steps
Cardic cycle
phase one (diastole)
the heart chambers are fully relaxed and blood is starting to flow into the heart
phase two (Atrial systole; ventricular diastole)
the heart chambers are contracting and the blood is being pushed to the ventricles
phase three (Atrial Diastole; ventricular systole)
after the atrial is relaxed, the ventricles contract which pushes the blood out to leave the heart
quick youtube video explaining in animations
click the red youtube button on the right and start at 1 minute
key notes
blood is being flowed from higher to lower pressure
Main purpose of this cycle is to pump blood to the heart
Structure & Function
Subtopic
Coronary arteries supply blood to the
heart muscle
Most common disease
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Blockage of coronary arteries caused
by plaque a fatty build-up material. Continuous plaque collected on artery walls will narrow your arteries. Plaque can also damage arteries which stops blood from flowing to your heart muscle which can add on to other many diseases and risks.
symptoms
chest pains
shortness of breath
feeling week or light headed
ways to prevent a CAD
healthy diets
stop smoking
get your heart beat up
become more active
How a coronary Artery Disease is treated
An inflated balloon is pushed through the catheter to improve the blood flow in your arteries
to keep the dialed arteries open a tube (stent) is used
2 Medical Examples used to
monitor CAD
EKG (Electrocardiogram, ECC)
Most effective and easy to use to check
for any coronary artery disease signs/symptoms
ECG Monitor
painless test which helps to decrect for any heart problems
this test lasts a couple minutes
avoid oily and greasy creams the day of the test
it can detect blocked arteries which is known as the Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
can detect your heartbeat and when it is abnormal which could by decreased waves
displays the electrical signal from your heart
waves shown on a monitor
this device test is avoided for people who don't experience any of the following diseases for the disease or have not had previous heart attacks
ECG device shown on patient
Cardiac CT Scan
Imaging test using x-rays to take very
close up and detailed images of your heart and blood vessels
Cardiac CT Scan
Heart
The heart is a network of blood vessels
that beats to pump blood through all the blood vessels to the rest of your body
Subtopic
Alveoli
Alveoli is located where the lungs and blood
exchange carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and out
Subtopic
Arteries
1st Type of blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery) away from your heart to all body cells
Subtopic
Capillaries
2ed Type of blood vessel that are super
tiny which pass oxygen and food nutrients each body cell as well as take away
Subtopic
Blood
Blood provides our body cells with oxygen
and removes waste like carbon dioxide from cells
Subtopic
Veins
3rd Type of blood vessel in your body
that takes deoxygenated blood from your body back to your heart to be breathed out by your lungs
Subtopic
Systemic
Systemic circulation flow blood away from the heart to the brain, liver, kidneys, stomach, other organs, limbs, muscles of the body and then return this blood to the heart
Pulmonary
Pulmonary circulation allows the flow of the
blood to go away from the heart where then oxygenation occurs and returns back to the heart again
Systemic and Pulmonary Circuit
Diseases
Heart Attack
blood flow being blocked to the heart
with no blood flow the muscles in the heart begin to die
if not restored in time
it can lead to serious life threatening problems
permanent heart damage
heart failure
death
to help prevent them
stop smoking
Be careful of your diet take care of your body
diagram displaying how your heart looks when a heart attack is present
Symptoms
chest pain or discomfort
shortness of breath
pressure or squeezing
treatment for a heart attack
Call 911 right away
begin cpr on the affected patient if they are unconscious
take aspirin
Maintaining homeostasis
Blood vessels such as veins, arteries, capillaries help dilate to maintain homeostasis. For an example when the body detects a rapid increase in temperature vessels will tend to dilate which allows more blood to flow through, releases the excess heat